世界银行-科索沃能源效率和可再生能源项目创造的就业机会：清洁能源转型创造就业机会的潜力（英）-202.docx

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1、pzoqalnsoosQ-qndJOBSGENERATEDBythekosovoENERGYEFFICIENCYIANDRENEWAB1.E(ENERGYPROJECTSOOQJobCreationPotentialoftheO冷CleanEnergyTransitionQ.CASl=STUDYnso5sQ-qndESMAP松济的MAMMJOBSGENERATEDBythekosovoENERGYEFFICIENCYANDRENEWAB1.EENERGYPROJECT新CleanEnergyTransitionESMAP防热FMoRlawABOUTESMAPTheEnergySectorMan

2、agementAssistanceProgram(ESMAP)isapartnershipbetweentheWorldBankandover20partnerstohelplow-andmiddle-incomecntriesreducepovertyandbstgrowththroughsustainableenergysolutions.ESMAP,sanalyticalandadvisoryservicesarefullyintegratedwithintheWorldBankscountryfinancingandpolicydialogueintheenergysector.Thr

3、oughtheWorldBank,ESMAPworkstoacceleratetheenergytransitionrequiredtoachieveSustainableDevelopmentGl7(SDG7),whichensuresaccesstoaffordable,reliable,sustainable,andmodemenergyforall.IthelpsshapeWorldBanksstrategiesandprogramstoachievetheWorldBankQimateChangeActionPlantargets.1.eammoreat:https:/www.esm

4、ap.org.November2023InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank1818HStreetNWzWashington,DC20433Telephone:;Internet:www.worldbank.orgThisworkisaproductoftheWorldBank,withcontributionsgivenbytheSta仟andconsultantslistedintheacknowledgments.Thefindings,intefpretatis,andndusionsexpressed

5、inthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthiswork.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartoftheWorldB

6、ankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.NothinghereinshallcstituteorbeconsideredtobealimitationuponorwaiveroftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofTheWorldBank,allofwhicharespecificallyreserved.RightsandPermissionsThisworkisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribut

7、ion3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)http:/creativecommons.orglicensesby3.0igo.UndertheCreativeCommonsAttributionlicense,youarefreetocopy,distribute,transmit,andadaptthiswork,includingforcommercialpurposeszunderthefollowingconditions:Attribution-Pleasecitetheworkasfollows:EnergySectorManagementAssistanceProg

8、ram(ESMAP).2023.JobsgeneratedbytheKosovoEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyProject:JobCreationPotentialoftheCleanEnergyTransition.ESMAPCaseStudy.Washington,DC:TheWorldBank.1.icense:CreativeCommonsAttributionCCBY3.0IGOTranslations-IfyoucreateatranslationOfthiswork,pleaseaddthefollowingdisclaimeralongw

9、iththeattribution:ThistranslationwasnoteatedbyTheWorldBankandshouldnotbeconsideredanofficialWorldBanktranslation.TheWorldBankshallnotbeliableforanycontentorerrorinthistranslation.Adaptations-Ifyoucreateanadaptationofthisworkzpleaseaddthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththeattribution:Thisisanadaptationof

10、anoriginalworkbyTheWorldBank.ViewsandopinionsexpressedintheadaptationarethesoleresponsibilityoftheauthororauthorsoftheadaptationandarenotendorsedbyTheWorldBank.Third-PartyContent-TheWorldBankdoesnotnecessarilyowneachcomponentofthentetcontainedwithinthework.TheWorldBankthereforedoesnotwarrantthattheu

11、seofanythirdparty-ownedindividualmponentorpartntainedintheworkwillnotinfringeontherightsofthosethirdparties.Theriskofdaimsresultingfromsuchinfringementrestssolelywithyou.Ifyouwishtore-useacomponentofthework,itisyourresponsibilitytodeterminewhetherpermissionisneededforthatre-useandtoobtainpermissionf

12、romthecopyrightowner.Examplesofcomponentscaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,tables,figures,orimages.AllqueriesonrightsandlicensesshouldbeaddressedtoWorldBankPublications,TheWorldBank,1818HStreetNWzWashington,DC20433zUSA;e-mail:pubrightsworldbank.org.ProductionCreditsDesignerCirdeGraphics,Inc.CoverImagean

13、dotherphotosWorldBankAllimagesremainthesolepropertyoftheirsourceandmaynotbeusedforanypurposewithoutwrittenpermissionfromthesource.ContentsAcknowledgmentsvAboutthisReportviAcronymsviiKeyFindingsviii1. Introduction12. KEEREPandtheKosovoEnergySector33. Overviewofthe1.aborMarket94. IdentificationandQuan

14、tificationofJobs115. Results156. BarriersandEnablersIdentified277. Conclusion29References321.istofTablesandFigures1.istofTablesTable 1. SummaryInformationontheFourCompletedPackagesFinancedbytheWorldBank6Table 2. DataSourcesandJobTypes12Table 3. DirectJobsCreatedbyConstructionFirm2during12MonthsofPro

15、jectImplementationforOnePackage15Table 4. DirectJobsCreatedbyConstructionFirm1During12MonthsofImplementationforOnePackage16Table 5. DirectJobsCreatedbyteDesignandSupervisionFirmDuring12MonthsofImplementationforOnePackage17Table 6. TotalDirectJobsbyPackage171.istofFiguresFigure 1. TotalspendingPerCou

16、ntryforKosovoPackage221Figure 2. TotalSpendingPerCountryforKosovoPackage322Figure 3. TotalInputSpendingforKosovoforPackages2and323Figure 4. TheoryofChangeforEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyInvestmentsinKosovo30CONTENTSAcknowledgmentsThisworkwasmadepossiblebytheEnergySectorManagementAssistanceProgr

17、am(ESMAP)withfinancialsupportfromtheRoyalMinistryofForeignAffairsofDenmark.ESMAPisapartnershipbetweentheWorldBankand19donorstohelplow-andmiddle-incomecountriesreducepovertyandboostgrowththroughsustainableenergysolutions.ThereportwaspreparedbyateamcoordinatedbyZuzanaDobrotkova(SeniorEnergySpecialist)

18、andcomprisingofSheoliPargal(1.eadEnergyEconomist),AnnaAghababyan(SeniorOperationsOfficer)andAndersPedersen(SeniorEnergySpecialist).TheworkwasinitiatedundertheguidanceofRohitKhanna(PracticeManager,ESMAP)andcompletedunderGabrielaElizondoAzuela(PracticeManager,ESMAP)zwithoverallstrategicdirectionprovid

19、edbyDemetriosPapathanasiou(GlobalDirector,EnergyandExtractivesGlobalPractice).AteamfromtheconsultingcompanyMathematica,consistingofFarazUsmanizDuncanChaplinzPatriciaCostazSarah1.eserzandSaraBrykzcollectedbackgroundmaterialandconductedupstreamresearchforthiscasestudy.Theteamacknowledgestheimportantin

20、puts,insightsandassistancereceivedfromRhedonBegolli(SeniorEnergySpecialist),andAditya1.ukas(EnergySpecialist)andWorldBankconsultantsStephaniePinnington,NicolasFichauxandKavitaRai.Editor:FayreMakeig.AboutthisReportThisreportpresentsthefindingsandCondusionsofacasestudyundertakenunderaprogramofanalytic

21、alworkthatinvestigatestheimpactsoftheglobaltransitiontocleanenergyonthequantityandqualityofjobsinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries.Undertheprogram,entitledEstimatingtheJobCreationPotentialoftheCleanEnergyTransition/7theWorldBanksEnergySectorManagementAssistanceProgram(ESMAP)undertookmultiplestreamsofana

22、lysis: Areviewoftheliteratureandcommonlyusedmethodologiesofinvestigation ModelingofeconomywidejobimpactsofpoliciessupportingthecleanenergytransitioninselectedcountriesinSub-SaharanAfrica CasestudiesoftheeffectsonemploymentofselectedWorldBankcleanenergyprojects Deepdivesintotheimpactonjobsofclosureof

23、coal-firedpowerplants;ofproductiveusesofelectricityassociatedwithminigridsinNigeria;andoftheRusumoFallsHydropowerProject.Buildingontheabove-mentionedsteamsofanalysis,theprogramhasalsoproducedahigh-levelreportsummarizingitsfindingsandconclusionsJobsfora1.ivablePlanet:JobCreationPotentialoftheCleanEne

24、rgyTransitionandadiscussionpapertosupportprojectdesignTrackingJobsinProjectsFocusedonCleanEnergyandProductiveUsesofElectricitywzprovidingstrategiesfortrackingandenhancingjobcreationthatcanbeusedinthecleanenergyprojects.Thereportsdevelopedunderthisprogramtogetheraimtosupportlow-andmiddle-incomecountr

25、iesinreapinggreatersocioeconomicbenefitsfromtheenergytransitionbysupportingtheminincreasingthenumberandqualityoflocaljobsgeneratedwhileimplementingdeanenergyprojects.Realizingthebenefitsofthejobscreatedbycleanenergyinterventionswilldependoneffectiveplanningandpreparationintheearlystagesofprojectsand

26、sustainedsupportduringtheirimplementation.Thereportstargetmultipleaudiences,frompolicymakerstodevelopmentpractitionersandacademics.Theyalsoaimtofamiliarizeenergyspecialistswiththeeffectsofenergyprojectsonjobsandgivethemtoolsthatenablethemtotakeaccountofandzwherepossible,maximizethesocioeconomicbenef

27、itsofthecleanenergytransition.Thereportscanbefoundathttps:/www.esmap.org/publications.AboutthisreportAcronymsCPSEBRDCountryPartnershipStrategyEuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopmentEUEuropeanUnionFTEfull-timeequivalentGDPgrossdomesticproductGGGIGoKI1.OKEEAKEEREPkWMCCMWMWhO&MPIUPVTOCUNIDOGlobalGr

28、eenGrowthInstituteGovernmentofKosovoInternational1.abourOrganizationKosovoEnergyEfficiencyAgencyKosovoEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyProjectkilowattMillenniumChallengeCorporationmegawattmegawatt-houroperationandmaintenanceprojectimplementationunitphotovoltaicstheoryofchangeUnitedNationsIndustrial

29、DevelopmentOrganizationAllcurrencyisinUnitedStatesdollars(US$ZUSD),unlessotherwiseindicated.KeyFindingsTheKosovoEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyProject(KEEREP)successfullygenerateddirectandindirectemploymentopportunitiesinKosovothroughEEretrofitsandrelatedactivities.Theprojectalsocontributedtoskil

30、ldevelopmentandmarketgrowthintheEEsector,potentiallyleadingtofurtherjobcreationinthefuture.However,challengesrelatedtotheimportationofmaterialsandtheneedfordomesticcertificationwereidentifiedasareasforimprovementinfacilitatingdomesticjobgrowth.Keyfindingsfromthecasestudywere:EmploymentImpact:Compone

31、nt1ofKEEREPzwhichinvolvedretrofittingandupgrading87publicbuildingswithabudgetof$16million,generatedatotalof418person-yearsofdirectandindirectemployment.DirectJobs:DirectemploymentopportunitieswerecreatedinthedesignandconstructionofEEretrofits,solarandEEapplianceinstallation,andintrainingandconductin

32、gEEaudits.Duringtheimplementationperiod,326person-yearsofdirectemploymentweregenerated,withthehighestnumberofjobsinconstruction,particularlyinEEbuildingfaadeandwindowinstallation.Thesejobswereprimarilyshort-term,andtheworkforcewaspredominantlylocal.SkilledRoles:Skilledpositionslikeengineeringandarch

33、itectureofferedlonger-termcontracts,andcompaniesfacednochallengesinsourcingskilledlabor.Whilenospecificmeasureswerereportedforhiringwomen,asmallfractionofwomenwereemployedinskilledrolesinarchitecture,engineering,andmanagement.IndirectJobs:IndirectjobsresultedfromthedemandforinputslikeEEbuildingmater

34、ialsandappliances.Estimatesbasedonadirect-to-indirectjobratiofromGermanretrofitprojectsyielded31domesticperson-yearsand92foreignperson-yearsofindirectemployment.Mostproductsandmaterialsusedwereimported,indicatingapotentialforfurtherjobcreationifdomesticcertificationandstandardsweremet.MarketDevelopm

35、ent:KEEREPcontributedtothedevelopmentoftheEEmarketinKosovozincreasingthenumberofexperiencedconstructionworkerswithnewskills.ThiscouldleadtoadditionalemploymentopportunitiesinEE,knownasreplicationjobs.z,Training:Atotalof223buildingstaffreceivedtrainingforoperationsandmaintenance,enhancingtheirskillsa

36、ndemployabilityintheEEsector.viiiKEYFINDINGSONEINTRODUCTIONThiscasestudyseekstoshedlightOntheemploymentimpactsassociatedwithWorldBankfinancingforenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyinvestmentsinpublicbuildingsoverseenbythecentralgovernmentaspartoftheKosovoEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyProject(KEER

37、EP)zwhichwasapprovedbytheWorldBankinJune2014andisexpectedtocloseinDecember2023.Despitetheglobalfinancialcrisisof2007-08andtherecessionaryperiodthatfollowed,Kosovoachievedrobusteconomicgrowthaveraging4.3percentperyearbetweenindependencein2008and2012.Thisresilienceofitsenomytotheglobaldownturnreflecte

38、davarietyOffactors7includinglimitedinternationalintegrationwithglobalmarkets,asteadyinfluxofremittancesfromitsdiaspora,andthegenerallypro-growthcompositionofthenationalbudget(whichallowedforapproximately40percentofpublicexpenditurestobedirectedtopublicinvestments)(WorldBank2014).Yet,thecountryalsost

39、ruggledwithhighratesofunemploymentandpoverty.Joblessnessinparticularatover30percentin2012remainedacentraleconomicpolicychallenge(WorldBank2014).Inaddition,withapercapitagrossdomesticproduct(GDP)ofapproximately2,800(about$3,700in2012)andnearly30percentofitspopulationlivingbelowthepovertyline,Kosovowa

40、soneofthepoorestcountriesinEurope(WorldBank2014).Infrastructurebottlenecks,andinsufficientandunreliableelectricityaccess,inparticular,wereamongthetopconstraintsoffutureeconomicgrowthandenhancedproductivity.Kosovowasunabletogeneratesufficientdomesticelectricitytofullymeetitsenergydemand.Thisimpededth

41、euntryeconomicgrowthanddevelopment.In2014zforinstance,Kosovo,selectricaloperatingcapacitywasapproximately950megawatts(MW)zmostofwhichcamefromtwoantiquatedcoal-firedpowerplantsoperatingatwellbelowtheirinstalledcapacity(WorldBank2013).Continuedrelianceonexpensiveelectricityimportsestimatedatabout10per

42、centofannualelectricitydemandin2012reducedtheresourcesavailabletoaddressothercriticaldevelopmentpriorities.Inaddition,underdevelopedelectricityinfrastructureimposedaburdenonfirms,disuragedprivatesectorinvestment,anddampenedjobcreation.Approximatelyhalfofthefirmsthatparticipatedinthe2013nationwideBus

43、inessEnvironmentandEnterprisePerformanceSurvey,forinstance,notedthatunreliableelectricityaccesswasamajorobstadetothegrowthoftheirbusinesses(WorldBankandEBRD2013).KEEREPsoughttoaddressthesechallengesbyincreasingtheefficiencyofenergyuseinKosovoztherebyenhancingenergysecurity(byreducingcurrentdeficitsa

44、ndrelianceonimports),loweringenergy-relatedpublicexpenditure,andimprovingtheenvironmentalimpactsofenergyuse.1Specifically,KEEREPaimedto(1)reduceenergynsumptionandfossilfueluseinpublicbuildingsthroughenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyinvestments,and(2)enhancethewiderpolicyandregulatoryenvironmentfore

45、nergyefficiencyandrenewableenergy(WorldBank2014).ThenextsectionpresentsamoredetaileddescriptionofKEEREPwithinthecontextofthecountrysenergysectorpriorities.Thecasestudythendescribesthelabormarketconditionsinthecountry.Further,itsummarizesthefindingsfromaseriesofinterviewsofKEEREPstakeholders.Finally,

46、thelastsectionsummarizestheresultsofthiscasestudy.Endnote1.AdditionalinformationaboutKEEREPisavailableat:https:/projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operationsproject-detailP143055.TWOKEEREPANDTHEKOSOVOENERGYSECTORIncreasingtheefficiencyofnationalenergyconsumptionhasbeenakeypolicygoalfortheGovernmento

47、fKosovo(GoK).AspartofrecentpolicydialoguessurroundingKosovosaccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU),forexample,theGoKhascommittedtoimplementingthespecificobjectivesoftheEUzsso-called20-20-20energyandclimatetargets,whichrequirethecountrytoreducegreenhousegasemissionsby20percent,increaserenewableenergyshareof

48、finalenergyconsumptionto20percent,andimproveenergyefficiencyby20percentby2022”(MinistryofEconomicDevelopment,RepublicofKosovo2017).EnergyefficiencyhasthepotentialtoplayanimportantroleinKosovoenomyforanumberofreasons.First,energyefficiencycouldenhanceenergysecuritybyreducingseasonalenergyimports,whichcompriseasubstantialshareofelectricityusednationally.AmarketassessmentconductedbeforeKEEREPslaunch,forinstance,indicatedthatKoso