医学老病人手术的麻醉.ppt
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1、,老年病人手术的麻醉 GERIATRIC ANESTHESIA,GERIATRIC ANESTHESIA,Department of Anesthesiology,the Second Affiliated Hospital,Harbin Medical University,Zhang Ruiqin,主 要 内 容,前 言,社会老龄化,2000年全国第五次人口普查,我国65岁 人口为8811万,占总人口6.96%,50%老龄人经历一次手术,2004年上海市资料,60岁以上占人口总数19.28%20102020年,60岁以上将达到32%,上海市资料,美国讯,65岁以上占人口12%,每年二千五百
2、万例次手术中,占1/3,约占总医疗费的1/2,达700亿美元 19992001,仁济手术总数18646例,老年65岁4820例,占25.8%,INTRODUCTION,3-fold increased risk for perioperative death compared with younger patients increased risk of perioperative mortality and morbidity include thoracic,intraperitoneal and major vascular procedures physiology,anatomy,p
3、harmacological agents,INTRODUCTION,high frequency of serious physiological abnormalities in elderly patients demands a particularly careful preoperative evaluation,生理特点,生理特点,WHO划分年龄标准,中年 49-59岁,较老年 60-74岁,老年7589岁,长寿老年 90岁以上,AGE-RELATED ANATOMIC&PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES,CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMRESPIRATORY
4、SYSTEMMETABOLIC&ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONRENAL FUNCTIONGASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTIONNERVOUS SYSTEMMUSCULOSKELETAL,心血管和植物神经系统(一),心肌纤维化致弹性减退心肌肥厚、心室舒张和充盈减少、CO、SV、射血分数减少 氧输送(DO2)等均减少,动脉硬化,SVR升高,血压升高静脉弹性减退,顺应性下降,容量相对不足动脉硬化尤其是主动脉弓,压力感受器调节血压、心率功能减退,心血管和植物神经系统(二),窦房结功能减退 副交感神经系统张力、受体反应下降左房、肺血管充盈增加,引起肺充血心室舒张功能减退,CARDIO
5、VASCULAR SYSTEM 1,atherosclerosis reduction in arterial elasticity Reduced arterial compliance Baroreceptor function is depressed Increased vagal tone and decreased sensitivity of adrenergic receptors lead to a decline in heart rate,CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2,loss of sinoatrial node cells increase the
6、incidence of dysrhythmias,particularly atrial fibrillation and flutter,CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 3,Doppler echocardiography diastolic dysfunction may be seen with systemic hypertension,coronary artery disease,cardiomyopathies,and valvular heart disease,particularly aortic stenosis,CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
7、4,Diastolic dysfunction results in increases in ventricular end-diastolic pressure with small changes of left ventricular volume Atrial enlargement atrial fibrillation and flutter developing congestive heart failure,CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 5,Diminished cardiac reserve induction of general anesthesia A
8、 prolonged circulation time delays the onset of intravenous drugs but speeds induction with inhalational agents elderly patients have less ability to respond to hypovolemia,hypotension,or hypoxia with an increase in heart rate,多种 如果肺炎的诊断成立,评价病情的严重程度、肺部炎症的播散和全身炎症反应程度。除此之外患者如有下列危险因素会增加肺炎的严重程度和死亡危险:(一)
9、病史 年龄65岁;存在基础疾病或相关因素,如慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、糖尿病、慢性心、肾功能不全、慢性肝病、一年内住过院、疑有误吸、神志异常、脾切除术后状态、长期嗜酒或营养不良。(二)体佂 呼吸频率30次/分;脉搏120次/分;血压20X109/L;呼吸空气时动脉血氧分压(PaCO2)50mmHg;血肌酐106umol/L或血尿素氮7.1mmol/L;血红蛋白90g/L或血红细胞比容0.30;血浆白蛋白25g/L;感染中毒症或弥散性血管内凝血的证据,如血培养阳性、代谢性酸中毒、凝血酶原时间和部分激活的凝血活酶时间延长、血小板减少;X线胸片病变累及一个肺叶以上、出现空洞、病灶迅速扩散或出现胸
10、腔积液。重症肺炎目前还没有普遍认同的标准,如果肺炎患者需要呼吸支持(急性呼吸衰竭、气体交换恶化伴高碳酸血症或持续低氧血症)、循环支持(血流动力学障碍、外周低灌注)和需要加强监护和治疗(肺炎引起的感染中毒症或基础疾病所致的其他器官功能障碍)可认为重症肺炎。目前许多国家制定了重症肺炎的诊断标准,虽然有所不同,但均注重肺部病变的范围、器官灌注和氧合状态。我国制定的重症肺炎标,精品PPT课件 浏览免费 下载后可以编辑修改。http:/,打造最权威的专业课件,医学精品课件,本文档免费浏览阅读,下载后可以编辑修改。,呼吸系统(一),肋骨、胸骨、肋软骨变性,胸廓弹性减少呼吸肌减弱肺泡气体交换面积减少,解剖和
11、生理死腔增加,肺实质弹性组织减少,肺顺应性下降,FEV1下降,肺活量(VC)减小,残余气量增加,呼吸系统(二),肺泡弹性回缩,通气/灌流,肺血流,PaO2,缺氧性肺血管收缩(HPV)反射对高碳酸血症和低氧血症的通气反应减弱,75岁时下降至735mmHg,RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1,Elasticity is decreased in lung tissueBoth anatomic and physiological dead space increase Mask ventilation may be more difficult in edentulous patients,
12、whereas arthritis of the temporomandibular joint or cervical spine may make intubation challenging.On the other hand,the absence of upper teeth often improves visualization of the vocal cords during laryngoscopy,RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 2,Prevention of perioperative hypoxia,a higher inspired oxygen concen
13、trations during anesthesia Aspiration pneumonia is a common and potentially life-threatening complication in elderly patients pain control techniques that facilitate postoperative pulmonary function should be seriously considered,神经系统(一),脑平均重量、神经原减少,15%50%,神经原缩小,密度减少,30%,脑血流减少,10%20%,脑灌流减少,脑氧代谢下降,神经
14、递质、受体减少,精神神经系统功能减退,神经系统(二),自主神经兴奋性下降 对循环系统调节减弱 保护性喉反射迟钝 对麻醉和手术应激的适应能力下降,对麻醉药敏感性升高 不易维持血流动力学稳定 体位改变易引起收缩压明显下降,NERVOUS SYSTEM 1,Brain mass decreases with age increasing threshold for nearly all sensory modalities,including touch,temperature sensation,proprioception,hearing,and vision anesthetics are r
15、educed.and general Dosage requirements for local,NERVOUS SYSTEM 2,Administration of a given volume of epidural anesthetic tends to result in more extensive cephalad spread in elderly patients Elderly patients often take moretime to recover completely from the central nervous system effects of genera
16、l anesthesia,NERVOUS SYSTEM 3,The etiology of postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD)is likely multifactorial and includes drug effects,pain,underlying dementia,hypothermia,and metabolic disturbances Low levels of certain neurotransmitters,such as acetylcholine,may be contributory.Elderly patients
17、 are particularly sensitive to centrally acting anticholinergic agents such as scopolamine and atropine,NERVOUS SYSTEM 4,Some patients suffer from prolonged or permanent POCD after surgery and anesthesia Some studies suggest that POCD can be detected in 1015%of patients 60 years of age up to 3 month
18、s following major surgery,NERVOUS SYSTEM 5,Elderly inpatients appear to have a significantly higher risk for POCD than elderly outpatients Although the etiology remains unclear,both anesthetic and nonanesthetic factors are likely responsible for POCD,老年人身体成分改变,肌肉减少,脂肪增多,体内含水量减少,女性改变比男性大,骨质疏松,易骨折 骨质增
19、生,易钙化 脊柱畸形或关节僵直挛缩 椎间孔与椎管狭窄 口腔牙齿脱落,易造成插管困难,老年人解剖改变,MUSCULOSKELETAL,Arthritic joints may interfere with positioning(eg,lithotomy)or regional anesthesia(eg,subarachnoid block)Degenerative cervical spine disease can limit neck extension potentially making intubation difficult,消化系统,胃肠道血流量减低 胃粘膜发生萎缩 胃酸分泌减
20、少 胃排空时间延长 肠蠕动减弱,肝脏,合成蛋白质的能力下降 血浆蛋白减少 白蛋白与球蛋白的比值降低 血浆胆碱酯酶活性明显降低 药效增强或作用时间延长,GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION,decrease in hepatic blood flow.Liver mass declines Plasma cholinesterase levels are reduced in elderly men.Gastric pH tends to rise,whereas gastric emptying is prolonged,萎缩 重量减轻 肾单位进行性下降 肾浓缩功能降低 保留水的
21、能力下降,肾脏 1,肾脏 2,肾脏 3,肾脏 4,肾脏 1,肾脏 2,肾脏 3,肾脏 4,高钠血症应激反应导致ADH过度分泌,易 发生水中毒对电解质的调节能力下降,肾脏 1,肾脏 2,肾脏 3,肾脏 4,维持水、电解质、酸碱平衡的能力差监测要适当补充水、电解质计算要精确,肾脏 1,肾脏 2,肾脏 3,肾脏 4,经肾脏排泄的药物消除减慢、药物作用时间延长 时刻调节剂量 避免使用有肾毒性的药物,RENAL FUNCTION,Renal blood flow and kidney mass decrease with age Renal function as determined by glome
22、rular filtration rate and creatinine clearance is reduced The combination of reduced renal blood flow and decreased nephron mass increases the risk of elderly patients for acute renal failure in the postoperative period,As renal function declines,so does the kidneys ability to excrete drugs elderly
23、patients are more predisposed to developing hypokalemia and hyperkalemia,易并发糖尿病血浆醛固酮浓度降低,易出现高血钾甲状腺功能降低甲状旁腺素升高,降钙素降低,易发生骨质疏松应激能力有一定的减弱,内分泌系统,METABOLIC&ENDOCRINE FUNCTION,Basal and maximal oxygen consumption declines with age Heat production decreases,heat loss increases,甲状腺功能减低、交感系统活性下降,基础代谢和体温调节,基础代
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