前轮驱动-------外文翻译.docx
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1、1.6Front-wheeldriveTheengine,differentialandgearboxformoneunit,whichcansitinfrontof,over,orbehindthefrontaxle.Thedesignisverycompactand,unlikethestandarddesign,meansthatthevehiclecaneitherbearound100-300mmshorter,orthespaceforpassengersandluggagecanbelarger.Theseareprobablythemainreasonswhy,worldwid
2、e,moreandmorecarmanufacturershavegoneovertothisdesign.Inrecentyearsonlyafewsaloonsofupto21capacitywithoutfront-wheeldrivehavecomeontothemarket.Nowadays,front-wheeldrivevehiclesaremanufacturedwithV6andV8enginesandperformancesinexcessof150kW.However,thistypeofdriveisnotsuitableforcommercialvehiclesast
3、herearwheelsarehighlyloadedandthefrontwheelsonlyslightly.Nevertheless,somelightcommercialvehiclemanufacturersacceptthisdisadvantagesotheycanlowertheloadareaandoffermorespaceorbetterloadingconditions(Fig.1.47).Thepropshaftsnecessaryonstandardpassengercarswouldnotallowthis.Fig.1 -47 The low cargo area
4、 on the Peugeot light commercial vehicle J 5/J 7 is achieved due to frontwheel drive and a semitrailing link axle to the rear (similar to the one in Fig. 1.63).16.1Typesofdesign161.1Enginemountedlongitudinally4North-South,infrontoftheaxleIn-lineorVenginesmountedinfrontoftheaxle-regardlessofthewheelb
5、ase-giveahighfrontaxleload,wherebythevehiclecentreofgravityispushedaIongwayforwards(Fig.1.48).Goodhandlinginsidewindsandgoodtraction,especiallyinthewinter,confirmthemeritsofahighfrontaxleload,whereastheheavysteeringfromstanding(whichcanberectifiedbypower-assistedsteering),distinctundersteeringduring
6、corneringandpoorbrakingforcedistributionwouldbeevidenceagainstit.Thistypeofdesign,asopposedtotransversemounting,ispreferredinthelargersaloonsasitallowsforrelativelylargein-lineengines.ThefirstvehiclesofthistypeweretheAudi80and100.Incliningthein-lineengineandplacingtheradiatorbesideitmeansthefrontove
7、rhanglengthcanbereduced.Automaticgearboxesneedmorespacebecauseofthetorqueconverter.Thisspaceisreadilyavailablewithalongitudinallymountedengine.Adisadvantageoflongitudinalenginesistheunfavourablepositionofthesteeringgear:thisshouldbesituatedoverthegearbox.Dependingontheaxledesign,thisresultsinlongtie
8、rodswithspringstmt(McPherson)frontaxles(Fig.1.57).1.6.1.2TransverseenginemountedinfrontoftheaxleInspiteoftheadvantageoftheshortfrontoverhang,onlylimitedspaceisavailablebetweenthefrontwheelhousings(Figs1.49and1.50).Thisrestrictionmeansthatengineslargerthananin-linefourcylinderorV6cannotbefittedinamed
9、ium-sizedpassengercar.Transverse,asymmetricmountingoftheengineandgearboxmayalsocausesomeperformanceproblems.Theunequallengthofthedriveshaftsaffectsthesteering.Duringaccelerationthevehiclerisesandthedriveshaftstakeondifferentangularpositions,causingunevenmomentsaroundthesteeringaxes.Thedifferencebetw
10、eenthesemomentstotheleftandtotherightcausesunintentionalsteeringmovementsresultinginanoticeablepulltooneside(Fig.3.88);driveshaftsofequallengtharethereforedesirable.Thisalsopreventsdifferentdrillinganglesinthedriveshaftcausingtimingdifferencesindrivetorquebuild-up.Thelargearticulationangleoftheshort
11、axleshaftcanalsolimitthespringFig-,-48Infront-wheeldrivevehiclestheenginecanbemountedlongitudinallyinfrontofthefrontaxlewiththemanualgearboxbehind.Theshaftgoesoverthetransversedifferential(illustration:Renault).Fig.1.49CompactpowertrainunitontheVauxhallCorsa(1997).Theengineistransversemountedwiththe
12、gearboxontheleft.TheMcPhersonfrontaleandsafetysteeringcolumncanbeseenclearly.Fig.1.50Layoutoftransverseengine,manualgearboxanddifferentialontheVWPolo.Becausethearrangementisoffset,theaxleshaftleadingtotheleftfrontwheelisshorterthanthatleadingtotherightone.Theshiftershaftbetweenthetwocanbeseenclearly
13、.Thetotalmechanicalefficiencyshouldbearoundn0.9.travelofthewheel.Toeliminatetheadverseeffectofunequallengthshafts,passengercarswithmorepowerfulengineshaveanadditionalbearingnexttotheengineandanintermediateshaft,theendsofwhichtakeoneofthetwoslidingCVjointswithangularmobility(Figs1.51and1.17),Moreover
14、,tflexingvibration*ofthelongdriveshaftcanoccurinthemaindrivingrange.Itsnaturalfrequencycanbeshiftedbyclampingonasuppressionweight(Fig.4.1).1.6.2 Advantagesanddisadvantagesoffront-wheeldriveRegardlessoftheengineposition(seeFig.1.52),front-wheeldrivehasnumerousadvantages: thereisloadonthesteeredanddri
15、venwheels; goodroad-holding,especiallyonwetroadsandinwintryconditions-thecarispulledandnotpushed(Fig.1.35);Fig.1.51GearboxunitontheLanciaThema,locatedbesidethetransverseengineandbetweenthefrontaxleMcPhersonstruts.Owingtothehighengineperformance,thedesignfeaturestwoequal-lengthaxleshaftsjoinedbyanint
16、ermediateshaft.Therearealsointernallyventilateddiscbrakes. gooddrive-offandsufficientclimbingcapacitywithonlyfewpeopleinthevehicle(Fig.6.22); tendencytoundersteerincornering; insensitivetosidewind(Fig.3.125); althoughthefrontaxleisloadedduetotheweightofthedriveunit,thesteeringisnotnecessarilyheavier
17、(incomparisonwithstandardcars)duringdriving; axleadjustmentvaluesarerequiredonlytoalimiteddegreeforsteeringalignment(seeSection3.8); simplerearaxledesign-poundcrankorrigidaxles-possible; longwheelbasemakinghighridecomfortpossible; shortpowerflowbecausetheengine,gearboxanddifferentialformacompactunit
18、; goodenginecooling(radiatorinfront),andanelectricfancanbefitted; effectiveheatingduetoshortpaths; smoothcarfloorpan; exhaustsystemwithlongpath(importantoncarswithcatalyticconverters); alargebootwithafavourablecrumplezoneforrearendcrash.Thedisadvantagesare: underfullload,poorerdrive-offcapacityonwet
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