中科院博士入学考试英语阅读技巧.ppt
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1、中科院博士入学考试英语阅读技巧,1句子中的标点符号的作用,句号:用来分割句子。逗号:两个逗号之间或一个逗号之后,是一个补充说明成分,可以先不看。,句子中的标点符号的作用,冒号:冒号前后是从抽象到具体的过程,后面进一步具体说明前面的内容。She came to hate the endless chores that swallowed her time:washing dishes,making beds,scrubbing floors.冒号可以表示各种逻辑上的关系,如:I went to bed early:the long journey had tired me.(表示因果)Colum
2、bus discovered a string of islands:he did not discover the American Continent.(表示反意),句子中的标点符号的作用,分号:分号前后是并列关系。包括结构上并列和语义上并列两种。Sixty years ago Melville was almost forgotten;today he is regarded as one of Americans great authors.Professor Ye will have to cope with a very heavy workload;she has been in
3、vited to lecture at quite a number of universities in the U.S.One moment he was friendly,even warm;the next he was coldly indifferent.,句子中的标点符号的作用,破折号:两个破折号之间或一个破折号之后,是补充说明成分,可以先不看。Mary comes every weekon Tuesdaysto help with the laundry.(作用与括号相似)They gave him a new camera for Christmasand a film to
4、 go with it.(表示附加补充)He bought a house just outside the towna magnificent building.(解释前文)In future prose,two fields are certainly sure to find cultivationthe field of the essay and the field of the sketch.(相当于冒号的作用),句子中的标点符号的作用,引号:一种是引用别人观点,其作用要么是作为支持的观点,要么作为批判的对象;另一种是说反话,表示反语。,句子中的标点符号的作用,括号:括号内的内容起
5、补充说明或解释词义的作用。The day before one of my midterm history exams I still hadnt found time to read the first book on the reading list.(That,of course,is a very common disease at Harvard.)(附加,补充),2长难句解析方法,1).长难句包括简单句和复合句,复合句的每一个句子的核心部分是主语和谓语,而每一个复合句的核心是主句。认识复合句首先要把握好从句间的关系,而表现这些关系要依靠连接词that,although,so tha
6、t,before等具有语法功能的词。常见的长难句种的基本语法结构:形式主语或宾语 强调结构 非限定性定语从句 同位语从句 倒装结构 虚拟语气If you were/had come here yesterday,you would have seen that famous professor.作者用虚拟语气一般表示建议、态度和观点。省略,2长难句解析方法,2).具体分为如下4步:第一步、确定句子有几个洋葱(一个完整的句子为一个洋葱,有时一个句号却有好几个完整的句子)。第二步、给句子剥皮。每构成一个独立的语法就构成一成皮。第三步、把每层皮翻译成中文第四步、把很多简单的中文句子组合成中文长句(三
7、四步为翻译步骤),长难句解析方法,She,who is her mothers daughter,is a girl of beauty which is envied by Lily whose ugliness is so famous in New York where there are so many poors whohave a lot of children forbidden to go to school in which they can study how to live in the tedious world,which we all know.,3.常见关键词,以
8、下是部分具有导向作用的关键词,请予与特别关注:指示重点:The principal advantage/disadvantage/objectionThe problem/task/hypothesis/pointThe results indicate/show/proveThe crucial facts/effects/difficulties/outcomesNote thatDont overlookOf importance is,常见关键词,表示作者态度:my opinion is,I believe/think/suggest/support/agree/disagree/ar
9、guerfortunately,unfortunately,wisely,happily表示概括、总结:let me summarize,to sum up,to conclude,on the whole,in short,in conclusion,4.九大题型解题思路详解,1细节事实题:标志:题干中明确提到的时间、地点、人物等细节信息针对文章中的一句或几句发问题干和选项之间是因果关系 做题的关键在于:返回原文根据题干中的时间、地点、人物返回原文根据出题顺序返回原文(60的准度)根据题干中的重点词或其同义词返回原文(如名词、动词、形容词,70的准度)找原文中的难句定位,一般来说,难句都是出
10、题点。,细节事实题,迷惑人的手段:单词替换颠倒因果扩大范围常识判断(4)常见试题:Which of the following is true about?What occurred as told at the beginning of the passage?What can we learn about?According to the passage,Jon Venables and Robert Thompson,细节事实题,Relaxing isnt easy.I knowI have tried it.I can see,therefore,why Japans governme
11、nt should want corporations to have full-time“leisure advisers.”It seems an idea worth copying.A start should,perhaps,be made at the very top.Captain of industry often find it hardest of all to relax.Some buy a luxurious yacht,a beach house,or even an island,but seldom make use of these expensive le
12、isure facilities.“I dont have time for a holiday,“they insist.What they usually mean is that they could find the time,if pressed,but that they dont want to.More often than not the plain truth is that they dont know how to ease up.No one has ever told them how to do it.(1999.3),细节事实题,Top executives o
13、ften find it difficult to take time off because_.A.it would cause them financial problemsB.they need to protect their jobsC.they have never really learnt how to relaxD.they simply dont have the time,细节事实题,2.So what can a“leisure adviser”do for himor,increasingly,her?The basic task is to change attit
14、udes,and gradually to introduce him to various leisure activities.A good start is to persuade him that holidays are a“psychological investment”,and that it is perfectly feasible to combine business with pleasure.(1999.3),细节事实题,The main role of a leisure adviser is to_.A.teach an executive a new leis
15、ure activityB.give an executive a full medical check-upC.help an executive alter his approach to lifeD.organize a holiday for an executive,细节事实题,3.The new 100-page analysis reviews and synthesizes the findings of a host of published studies and field trials on rice production and associated pesticid
16、e-related health effects.IRRIs report indicates that both farmers and the rice-research community exaggerate the threat that rice pests pose-while largely ignoring the costs,both to health and the pocketbook,of pesticide application.,细节事实题,Rice farmers in the philippines_A.select which pesticide to
17、use based on the type of insect they findB.collect natural predators of rice eating insectsC.overestimate the importance of pest-resistant cultivarsD.seem to be totally dependent on using pesticides without knowing whatever the cost.,细节事实题,4.The Solar Decathlon is under way,and teams of students fro
18、m 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington DC in an effort to promote this alternative energy source.This week judges in this Department of Energy(DOE)sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner.Unfortunately,for the pa
19、rticipants,it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies,and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since.However,the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned.(2004.3),细节事实题,What does the author say about the weather
20、?A.It is rare for Washington DC to have such long rainy days.B.It has been raining since Sept 26th for the most of the time.C.It is favorable to the manufacturers to promote solar equipment.D.It has helped see the disadvantages of solar energy.,细节事实题,5.Ironically,Barons latest book,“Alphabet to Emai
21、l:How Written English Evolved and Where Its Heading,”became a victim of sloppy proofreading.The books title is capitalized differently on the cover,spine and title page.“People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said.“And now they just say whatever.”(2004.3),细节事实题,What happened to Barons latest
22、book?A.It was poorly edited.B.It failed to come out.C.It was renamed“Whatever.”D.It caused her to lose her job.,细节事实题,6.Especially in the United States,but perhaps over much of the world,few people today travel by train.There are generations growing up which have never heard that siren call.This is
23、the moment of the homogenization of the world,when the diversities of societies are eroding,when a global civilzation is emerging.There are no exotic places left on Earth to dream about.And for this reason there remains an even greater and more poignant need today for a vehicle,a device,to get us so
24、mewhere else.Not all of us;only a fewto the deserts of the Moon,the ancient seacoasts of Mars,the forests of the sky.There is something comforting in the idea that one day a few representatives of our little terrestrial village might venture to the great galactic cities.,细节事实题,question:According to
25、the author,what would scientists feel like trying to achieve when a global civilization is emerging?Exploring the last exotic place on earth.Constructing supersonic aircraft.Visiting other planets in outer space.Establishing free exchange of thoughts among nations.,2例证题,标志:caseexampleillustrationdem
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