国际粮食政策研究所-2023年巴布亚新几内亚农村家庭调查报告（英）-2024.3-122页.docx

SurveyReportEmilySchmidt,PeixunFang,MekamuJemal,KristiMahrt,RishabhMukerjee,CracieRosenbach,andShwetaYadavP.INTERNATIONA1.MJFCCDPC1.IY鼠&RESEARCHYJINSTITUTEIPRIACKNOW1.EDGMENTSWethanktheAustralianDepartmentofForeignAffairsandTradeandtheAustraliaHighCommissioninPapuaNewGuinea(PNG)forfundingandfacilitatingtheworkundertakentoproducethisreport.Inaddition,wewouldliketorecognizetheAustraliaPapuaNewGuineaSubnationalProgram,whichprovidedon-the-groundlogisticsandin-kindsupportintheSouthFlydatacollectionarea.WealsowouldliketoacknowledgethesupportoftheNationalStatisticalOfficeinprovidinginformationoncommunitycharacteristicsandpopulationtoinformthedevelopmentoftherandomlyselectedcommunityandhouseholdsurveysample.ThissurveywouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheincredibleeffortanddedicationoftheInstituteofNationalAffairs(INA),undertheguidanceofPaulBarkerandAntonGoie.TheINAmanagedthesurveydatacollectionactivity,workingwithcommunityleaders,surveysupervisors,andsurveyadministratorstoensurequalitydatacollectionwhileupholdingprofessionalconductandrespectfulinteractionswithinthesurveyedcommunitiesandamongindividualhouseholdmembers.Inaddition,theprovincial,local-levelgovernment,andwardcouncilorsinthe14provincesincludedinthesurveywereinvaluableinassistingthesurveyteamstoupdatecommunityhouseholdrosterstocompletetherandomhouseholdsampling,aswellasworkingwiththesurveyteamstoensuretheirsecurityandfacilitatecommunityentrytocollectthesurveydata.WewouldalsoliketothankthePNGDepartmentofHealth,theUniversityofPapuaNewGuineaSchoolofMedicineandHealthSciences,andthePNG-UN1CEFofficefortheirfinancialandlogisticalsupporttoprovidethenecessarytrainingandequipmenttocollectaccurateanthropometrydata.GeorgiaGuldan(UPNG)andHelenPalik(DepartmentofHealth)providedinvaluablesupporttoensurethattheinterviewersunderstoodhowtocollectanthropometricdata,aswellasparticipatedinthepilotdatacollectionexercise.Finally,wethanktheinstitutionsandcountlessindividualswhoprovidedcommentsandsuggestionsonthesurveyinstrumentdesign,includingtheAustralianNationalUniversity,AustralianCentreforInternationalAgricultureResearch,theFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,thePNGMinistryofAgricultureand1.ivestock,andtheWorldBank.Mostimportantly,wethankthemanyPapuaNewGuineansacrossthe14provincestudyareaswhoansweredourquestionsaboutthemselves,theirfamilies,andtheirlivelihoods.Theauthorsofthisreportaresolelyresponsibleforitscontents.ContentsAcknowledgmentsiExecutiveSummaryviiChapterSummaryxiiiChapter 1: The2023PNGRuralHouseholdSurveyxiiiChapter 2: CharacteristicsofHouseholdsxiiiChapter 3: AgriculturalProductionandSustainable1.andManagementxivChapter 4: WageEmploymentandNonfarmBusinessesxvChapter 5: HouseholdFoodandNonfoodConsumptionExpenditurexvChapter 6: MotherandChildNutritionandNutritionalOutcomesOfChildrenunderFiveYearsOldxvi1. The2023PNGRuralHouseholdSurvey11.1 Background11.2 Objectives11.3 Methodology:SampleDesign21.4 SampleDesign:SouthFlyandARoB51.5 SurveyQuestionnaires91.5.1 HouseholdQuestionnaire101.5.2 CommunityQuestionnaire101.5.3 MarketQuestionnaire101.6 DataCollectionandCollaboration112. CharacteristicsofHouseholds142.1 DemographicCharacteristics142.2 EducationalCharacteristics182.3 Migration212.4 HouseholdBuildingMaterialsandElectricity252.5 Ownershipof1.ivestock262.6 Summary283. Agriculturalproductionandsustainablelandmanagement293.1 CropProductionandSales293.1.1 CharacteristicsofCropProduction293.1.2 StapleCropProductionandSales303.1.3 VegetableProductionandSales323.1.4 FruitProductionandSales343.1.5 Cereal(RiceandCorn)ProductionandSales353.1.6 CashCropProductionandSales363.2 AgriculturalInputUse383.3 Useof1.aborinAgriculturalProduction393.4 ErosionandSustainable1.andManagement403.5 AgriculturalExtension433.6 AccesstoForested1.andandItsImportanceforHouseholdWell-Being453.7 Summary474. WageEmploymentandNonfarmBusinesses494.1 ParticipationinWageEmploymentandNonfarmBusiness494.2 TypesofWageEmploymentActivities504.3 TypesofNonfarmEnterpriseActivities524.4 Summary565. HouseholdFoodandnonfoodConsumptionExpenditure575.1 DataandDefinitions575.2 TotalConsumptionExpenditure595.3 HouseholdFoodConsumptionExpenditure605.3.1 SourcesofFood605.3.2 CalorieConsumption1.evelsandPatterns625.3.3 ProteinIntakeandInadequacy645.4 NonfoodConsumptionExpenditure685.5 PerceptionofFoodSecurity725.6 ClimateShocksandCopingStrategies745.7 Summary776. MotherandchildnutritionandnutritionaloutcomesamongchildrenunderFiveyearsold796.1 StatusOfNutritionalOutcomesamongChildrenunderFiveYearsofAge796.2 FeedingPracticesandDietaryDiversityamongInfantsandYoungchildren836.3 DietaryDiversityofChildren(betweenTwoandFiveYearsOld)andBiologicalMother856.4 AccesstoHealthExtension,WASH,andWasteManagement876.5 Summary917. Conclusion93References96Appendices981.istofTablesTable1.12023PNGRuralHouseholdSurveysampleselection4Table 2.1 Averagehouseholdsize,dependencyratio,andgenderratio,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus16Table 2.2 Householdheadgenderandagegroup,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus17Table 2.3 Householdheadmaritalstatus,bystudyareaandgenderofhouseholdhead17Table 2.4 Educationstatusofadultsages15andolder,bystudyareaandgender19Table 2.5 Householdheadeducationstatus,bystudyareaandage20Table 2.6 Migrantcharacteristics,bystudyarea,columnpercentages23Table 2.7 Households,roofandfloormaterials,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus25Table 2.8 Households,electricitysource,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus26Table 2.9 Purposeforlivestockownership,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus27Table 3.1 Plotscultivated,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus30Table 3.2 Shareofhouseholdsgrowingandsellingvariousstaplecrops,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus31Table 3.3 Shareofhouseholdsgrowingandsellingvariousvegetables,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus33Table 3.4 ShareOfhouseholdsgrowingvariousfruits,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus35Table 3.5 ShareOfhouseholdsgrowingandsellingvariouscashcrops,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus37Table 3.6 Shareofhouseholdsemployingoutsidelabor,averagenumberofoutsidelaborers,andtheirdurationofhire,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus40Table 3.7 Shareofhouseholdsandplotsexperiencingerosionandadoptingerosion-controlmeasures,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus42Table 3.8 Typesofagriculturalextensioninformationreceived,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus44Table 3.9 Forestedlandavailability,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus46Table 4.1 Householdparticipantsinwageemploymentandanonfarmenterprise50Table 4.2 Shareofwage-employmentjobsbytypeofwork,studyarea,andeconomicstatus51Table 4.3 Shareofwage-employmentjobsbyplaceofwageemploymentandstudyarea51Table 4.4 Nonfarmenterprisesbytype,studyarea,andeconomicstatus52Table 4.5 Marketusedforsellingproductsandservicesofnonfarmenterprises,bystudyarea53Table 5.1 Shareofhouseholdswithdifficultymeetingfoodneedsinthelast12months(percentage)andaveragenumberofdifficultmonths,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus73Table 5.2 Householdsaveragedailynumberofmeals(goodversusbadmonths),bystudyareaandeconomicstatus74Table 5.3 Copingstrategiesofdecreasedfoodavailabilityduetoshock,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus77Table 6.1 Nutritionaloutcomesforchildrenbelowfiveyearsofage,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus81Table 6.2 Feedingpracticesanddietarydiversityamonginfantsandyoungchildren(agessixmonthstotwoyears),bystudyareaandeconomicstatus85Table 6.3 Dietarydiversityofmothersandchildren(twotofiveyearsold),bystudyareaandeconomicstatus871.istofFiguresTable 6.4 2023PNGRuralHouseholdSurveysampleselection5Table 6.5 EligibleSouthFlysampleset,EastandWestsurveysampleareas6Table 6.6 EligibleAutonomousRegionofBougainvillesampleset,NorthZCentralandSouthsampleareas8Figure 2.1 Populationpyramidfor2023PNGRuralHouseholdSurveysample15Figure 2.2 ShareOfhouseholdswithamigrant,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus21Figure 2.3 Shareofmigrantswhosentremittancesandmedianremittance(PGK),bystudyareaandeconomicstatus24Figure 2.4 Households'livestockownership,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus27Figure 3.1 Shareofhouseholdsgrowingandsellingstaplecrops32Figure 3.2 Shareofhouseholdsgrowingandsellingriceandcorn,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus36Figure 3.3 Shareofhouseholdsapplyingfertilizers,pesticides,herbicides,andimprovedseeds,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus39Figure 3.4 Shareofhouseholdsexperiencingerosiononagriculturalplots,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus41Figure 3.5 Shareofplotswithvarioustypesofsustainablelandmanagementpractices,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus43Figure 3.6 Suggestionofnewcrops:sourceofinformationreceived,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus45Figure 3.7 1.evelofimportanceofforestedlanduseforhouseholdwell-beingacrossvariousdimensions,amongallhouseholdsinsample47Figure 4.1 Incomesourcesbystudyarea,householdhead,andeconomicstatus49Figure 4.2 Mediannonfarmenterprisedailyincome(inPGK),bystudyareaandeconomicstatus54Figure 4.3 Medianbusinessdailyincome(inPGK),bynonfarmenterprisetype54Figure 4.4 Genderofthenonfarmenterpriseowner,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus55Figure 4.5 Genderofthenonfarmenterpriseowner,bynonfarmenterprisetype56Figure 5.1 Per-adult-equivalenttotaldailyconsumptionexpenditure,bycomponent,economicstatus,andstudyarea60Figure 5.2 Shareofthevalueoffoodconsumed,bysourceandstudyarea61Figure 5.3 Shareofconsumptionexpenditurevalue,bysourceandfoodgroup62Figure 5.4 Per-adult-equivalentdailyreportedcaloricintake,bystudyarea63Figure 5.5 Shareofreportedcaloricintake,byfoodgroupandeconomicstatus64Figure 5.6 Sharesofreportedproteinintake(%),byfoodgroupandeconomicstatus65Figure 5.7 Sharesofreportedproteinintake(%),byfoodgroupandstudyarea66Figure 5.8 Inadequacyinreportedhouseholdproteinintake,byhouseholdtypeandeconomicstatus67Figure 5.9 Inadequacyinreportedhouseholdproteinintake,bystudyarea68Figure 5.10 Nonfoodconsumptionexpenditureshares,bycategory69Figure 5.11 Per-adult-equivalentdailynonfoodconsumptionexpenditureandshares,bycategory,studyarea,andeconomicstatus70Figure 5.12 Per-adult-equivalentdailydurableusevalueandshares,bycategory,studyarea,andeconomicstatus72Figure 5.13 Shareofhouseholdsthatexperiencedaclimateshockandwhetheritdecreasedfoodavailability,bystudyarea75Figure 5.14 Shareofhouseholdsthatexperiencedpriceshockandwhetheritdecreasedfoodavailability,bystudyarea76Figure 6.1 HAZscores,byageofinfantsandyoungchildren(inmonths)82Figure 6.2 FoodgroupadequacyIbrmothersandchildren(twotofiveyears),bystudyareaandeconomicstatus86Figure 6.3 ShareOfhouseholdswithaccesstoextensiononhealthandnutritiontopics,bystudyarea88Figure 6.4 Shareofhouseholddrinkingwatersource,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus89Figure 6.5 Watertreatmentstatus,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus90Figure 6.6 Typesoftoilet,bystudyareaandeconomicstatus91VlEXECUTIVESUMMARYFromMaytoDecember2023,theInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute(IFPRI)implementedaruralhouseholdsurveythatcollecteddetaileddataonruralhouseholdfoodconsumptionandexpenditures,agriculturalproductionpractices,employmentprofiles,childandmother24-hourdietrecall,andchildanthropometrymeasurementsinPapuaNewGuinea(PNG).Theresearchteamcarriedoutthesurvey,whichusedlocation-basedsampling,acrossfiveagroecologicalstudyareas,ofwhichfouroftheareasweredefinedusingelevationandrainfallvariation.Thefiveagroecologicalsurveyareaswereseasonalhighlands,nonseasonalhighlands,seasonallowlands,nonseasonallowlands,andislands(theislandssurveysamplewasnotdisaggregatedbyelevationorprecipitationpatterns).Inidentifyingseasonalandnonseasonalsurveyareas,weadaptedtherainfallseasonalitycategoriesestablishedbyBourkeandHarwood(2009),whoevaluatedtherelativedifferenceinrainfallbetweenthewetandthedryseasonusingresourcemappingunitsdefinedbythePNGResourceInformationSystem(PNGRIS).Theareasofthecountrythatexperiencelargeseasonalvariationinrainfall(heavytolight,dependingontheseason)areclassifiedasseasonal,whereastheareasthatexperiencemoderatetocontinuouslyheavyrainfallthroughouttheyearareclassifiedasnonseasonal(seeFigureA1.lintheappendixforthesurveyseasonalityclassificationbyarea).Innonseasonalareas,agriculturalgrowingconditionsremainsimilaryear-round,whereasseasonalrainfallareashaveagriculturalconditionsthatnecessitateavarietyofproductionstrategies.1.owlandandhighlandareasweredefinedusingelevationdata;areas1,000metersormoreabovesealevelwereclassifiedashighlands,andthosebelow1,000meterswereclassifiedaslowlands.Thesurveycollecteddatafrom270communitiesacross14provinces,fromatotalof2,699households.Itisimportanttonotethatthesurveyisnotnationallyrepresentative.Rather,wechoseapurposivesampleusingcriteriathatwouldenableanalystsofthedatatounderstandthekeyfactorsthatinteractwithinruralhouseholdsandcommunitiestocreatemoreresilientlocalfoodsystems,morediversifiedemploymentprofiles,andimprovedwell-being.GeneralizabierelationshipsbetweenvariablesthataffectsocioeconomicandotherdevelopmentoutcomesinruralPNGcommunitiesshouldbeseenconsistentlyinbothrepresentativeandunrepresentativesurveysamples.Theanalysispresentedinthisreportprovidesdescriptiveresultsacrosseachoftheagroecologicalsurveyareasdescribedabove.Inaddition,itdisaggregatestwosubsampleareas-oneeachfromtheseasonallowlandsandislandssurveyarea.ThesesubsampleareasaretheAutonomousRegionofBougainville(ARoB)andSouthFlyDistrictinWesternProvince,respectively.Alargersampleofsurveyhouseholdswaspurposefullyinterviewedwithinthesetwosubsampleareas(300householdsinARoBand298householdsinSouthFly)toinformongoingprogrammingandinvestments.However,thesurveytablesandfiguresincludetheseareasinIheirrespectiveagroecologicalzonesaswell.Thus,Ibrtheislandssurveyarea,surveyresultsincludehouseholdsfrombothEastNewBritainandARoB;similarly,fortheseasonallowlandssurveyarea,surveyresultsincludehouseholdsfromCentral,EastSepik,andOroProvinces,aswellasthehouseholdsamplefromSouthFlyDistrict.Descriptivesurveyresultsofhouseholdcharacteristicsdemonstrateayouthbulge,asalargeshareofhouseholdmembersareunder25yearsofage.Thelargestagegroupinthesurveyisindividuals10-14yearsold.Theaveragehouseholdsizeofthesurveysampleissixindividuals,withmosthouseholdsidentifyingamanasthehouseholdhead.About9percentofhouseholdsinthesamplereportedhavingafemalehead,alargeshareofwhomarewidowed.Thesurveyaskedabouttheliteracystatusofeachmemberofthehousehold.Focusingonadults(individualsover15yearsold),surveydatasuggestthatabout57percentoftheindividualsinthehouseholdsampleareliterate.Overall,agreatershareofmen(62percent)thanwomen(51percent)areliterate.However,substantialdisparitiesexistacrossthesurveysampleareas.Only27percentofadultwomenfromtheseasonalhighlandssampleareliterate,comparedto51percentofmenfromthesamesamplearea.Respondentsacrossthesurveyareasreportedsimilarratesofliteracyandprimaryschoolcompletion.However,inSouthFly,although76percentofindividualsreportedcompletingprimar