美国名人 费罗·法恩斯沃斯.docx

美国名人费罗法恩斯沃斯PhiloFarnsworthplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-14:46repeatByPaulThompson2004-6-5(MUSIC)VOICEONE:mPhoebeZimmermann.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmberwithPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.Todaywetellaboutamanwhomadepossibleoneofthemostimportantcommunicationsdevicesevercreatedtelevision.HisnamewasPhiloFarnsworth.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Innineteen-si×ty-ninezAmericanastronautNeilArmstrongclimbeddownthesideofthespacevehiclethathadtakenhimtothemoon.Ashisfoottouchedthesurfaceofthemoon,picturesoftheeventweresentbacktotelevisionsonEarth.Thepictureswerenotverygood.ItwashardtoseeastronautArmstrongclearly.Thesurfaceofthemoonwasextremelybright.Andthemoonlandervehiclecreatedaverydark,blackshadow.Butthequalityofthetelevisionpictureswasnotimportant.Everymanzwomanandchildwhosawthetelevisionpicturesunderstoodtheywerewatchinganimportantevent.Theywerewatchinghistorytakeplaceasitwashappeningmanyhundredsofthousandsofkilometersaway.VOICETWO:Forafewminuteszthepoorqualitytelevisionpicturescapturedtheimaginationofmillionsofpeoplethroughouttheworld.Expertsbelieveaboutsix-hundred-millionpeoplearoundtheworldwatchedasNeilArmstrongsteppedfromthespacevehicletothesurfaceofthemoon.Intheyearssincethen,peoplearoundtheworldhavesharedinmanyevents.Televisionhasmadeitpossibleforpeopleindistantplacestoshareasingleexperience.VOICEONE:Atelevisionsystemchangeslightandsoundwavesfromamovingpictureintoelectronicsignalsthattravelthroughtheair.Thesignalsarechangedbackintosoundandpicturesinatelevisionreceiver.ScientistsinBritain,Germany,France,Japan,theformerSovietUnionandtheUnitedStatesallmadeimportantdiscoveriesthatledtothedevelopmentofmoderntelevision.YetitwasayoungboylivingonanAmericanfarmwhowasthefirstpersontoinventanddesignwhatbecametelevision.Hefirstthoughtoftheideaofanelectronictelevisionwhenhewasonlyfourteenyearsold.HisnamewasPhiloTaylorFarnsworth.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:PhiloFarnsworthwasbornonAugustNineteenth,NineteenOh-SixznearIndianCreekinthewesternstateofUtah.Thehousehelivedinforthefirstfewyearsofhislifehadnoelectricpower.ButPhiloreadaboutelectricity.HewasveryexcitedwhenhisfamilymovedtoanewhouseinIdahothathadelectricpower.Hequicklybegantoexperimentwithelectricity.Hebuiltanelectricmotorwhenhewastwelve.Thenhebuiltthefirstelectricwashingmachineforclothesthathisfamilyhadeverowned.PhiloFarnsworthattendedaverysmallschoolnearhisfamily'sfarm.Hedidverywellinschool.Heaskedhisteacherforspecialhelpinscience.TheteacherbeganhelpingPhilolearnagreatdealmorethanmostyoungstudentscouldunderstand.VOICEONE:Onenight,Philoreadamagazinestoryabouttheideaofsendingpicturesandsoundthroughtheair.Anyonewithadevicethatcouldreceivethiselectronicinformationcouldwatchthepictures.Themagazinestorysaidsomeoftheworld'sbestscientistswereworkingontheidea.Itsaidthesescientistswereusingspecialmachinestotrytomakeakindofdevicetosendpictures.ThestorymadePhilothink.Fourteen-year-oldPhilodecidedthesefamousscientistswerewrong.Hedecidedthatmechanicaldeviceswouldneverwork.Theycouldneverbemadetomovefastenoughtoclearlycaptureandreproduceanelectronicpicturesentthroughtheair.Philodecidedthatsuchadevicewouldhavetobeelectronic,notmechanical.Philoknewelectronscouldbemadetomoveextremelyfast.Allhewouldhavetodowasfindawaytomakeelectronsdothework.VeryquicklyPhilohadanideaforsuchareceiver.Itwouldtraplightinacontainerandsendthelightonalineofelectrons.Philocalledit"lightinabottle."VOICETWO:SeveraldaysIaterzPhilotoldhisteacheraboutadevicethatcouldcapturepictures.Hedrewaplanforitthathegavehisteacher.Philo'sdrawingseemsverysimple.Butitstillclearlyshowstheinformationneededtobuildatelevision.Infact,alltelevisionequipmenttodaystillusesPhilo'searlyidea.Philo'steacherwasJustinTolman.ManyyearslaterPhilowouldsayMisterTolmanguidedhisimaginationandopenedthedoorsofscienceforhim.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:PhiloFarnsworthhadtosolveseveralproblemsbeforehecouldproduceaworkingtelevisionsystem.Onewasthathewasonlyfourteenyearsold.Heknewnoonewouldlistentoachild.Infactzexpertssaythatprobablyonlytenscientistsintheworldatthattimecouldhaveunderstoodhisidea.Philoalsohadnomoneytodevelophisideas.Hisideaforaworkingtelevisionwouldhavetowait.Afteronlytwoyearsofhighschool,PhiloenteredBrighamYoungUniversityinUtah.Buthedidnotfinishhiseducation.Hewasforcedtoleaveschoolwhenhisfatherdied.Philodidnotgiveuphisideaforcreatingatelevision.HebeganseriousworkonitwhenhemovedtoSanFrandscozCaliforniaafewyearslater.Hewastwenty-oneyearsold.VOICETWO:OnSeptemberSeventh,Nineteen-Twenty-SevenzPhiloturnedonadevicethatwasthefirstworkingtelevisionreceiver.Inanotherroomwasthefirsttelevisioncamera.Philohadinventedthespecialcameratubeearlierthatyear.Theimageproducedonthereceiverwasnotveryclear,butthedeviceworked.Withinafewmonths,PhiloFarnsworthhadfoundseveralpeoplewhowantedtoinvestmoneyinhisinvention.InAugust,Nineteen-ThirtyztheUnitedStatesgovernmentgavePhilopatentdocuments.Thesewouldprotecthisinventionfrombeingcopiedbyothers.Verysoon,however,severalotherinventorsclaimedtheyhadinventedatelevisiondevice.Oneoftheseinventors,VladimirZworykinzworkedforthepowerfulRadioCorporationofAmerica.TheR-C-AcompanybeganlegalactionagainstPhiloFarnsworth.ItsaidMisterZworykinhadinventedhisdeviceintheNineteen-Twenties.ThebigandpowerfulR-C-Aclaimedthatit,notthesmallPhiloFarnsworthTelevisionCompany,hadtherighttoproduce,developandmarkettelevision.VOICEONE:ThelegalactionbetweenR.C.AandtheFarnsworthcompanycontinuedforseveralyears.R.C.A.provedthatMisterZworykindidmakeamechanicaltelevisiondevice.Butitcouldnotdemonstratethatthedeviceworked.Atthesametime,R.C.A.claimedthatMisterFarnsworthhadproducedhistelevisionimagetubeafterMisterZworykinhaddevelopedhis.WhenMisterFarnsworthsaidhehaddevelopedtheideamuchearlier,R.C.A.saiditwasimpossibleforafourteen-year-oldboytoproducetheideaforatelevisiondevice.CompanyrepresentativessaidMisterFarnsworthwasnotevenascientist.Hehadneverfinishedcollege.R.C.A.saidPhiloFarnsworthshouldbeforcedtoprovehehadinventedthetelevisionimagetube.Philocouldnotproveheinventedit.Buthishighschoolteachercould.Incourt,JustinTolmanproducedthedrawingthatPhilohadmadeforhimmanyyearsbeforeasastudent.Atthatmoment,thelegalexpertsforR.C.A.knewtheyhadlost.PhiloFarnsworthwonthelegalactionandtherighttoowntheinventionoftelevision.However,hedidnothavethemoneyorsupporttobuildatelevisionindustry.ItwastheNineteen-FiftiesbeforetelevisionbecameamajorforceinAmericanlife.VladimirZworykinandDavidSarnoff,theheadofR.C.A.,becamethenamesconnectedwiththenewindustry.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:PhiloFarnsworthcontinuedtoinventmorethanone-hundreddevicesthathelpedmakemoderntelevisionpossible.Healsodevelopedearlyradar,inventedthefirstelectronicmicroscope,andworkedondevelopingpeacefulusesofatomicenergy.Inhislastyears,MisterFarnsworthbecameastrongcriticoftelevision.Hedidnotlikemostoftheprogramsshownontelevision.YetzashewatchedNeilArmstrong'sfirststeponthemoon,MisterFarnsworthknewtheeventclearlyshowedthepowerofhisinvention.PhiloFarnsworthdiedinMarch,Nineteen-Seventy-One.Today,astatueofhimstandsintheUnitedStatesCapitol.Heisconsideredoneofthemostimportantinventorsofthetwentiethcentury.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyPaulThompson.ItwasproducedbyLawanDavis.mPhoebeZimmermann.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmber.ListenagainnextweekforPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.