2024剑桥雅思讲义True_False_NG_Questions_Strategy_Practice.docx

IELTSADVANTAGETrue/False/NGQuestionsStrategyPracticeHowhumanmedicinecouldsavetheTasmaniandevilTransmissiblecancersareincrediblyrareinnature,yethaveariseninTasmaniandevils(atypicallydog-sizedmammalwhichlivesinthewildonlyontheAustralianislandofTasmania)onatleasttwoseparateoccasions.NewresearchfromtheUniversityofCambridgehasidentifiedkeyanti-cancerdrugswhichcouldbetrialledasatreatmentforthesediseases,whicharethreateningTasmaniandevilswithextinction.TheresearchalsofoundthatthetwoTasmaniandeviltransmissiblecancersareverysimilartoeachother,andlikelybotharoseduetosusceptibilitiesinherenttothedevilsthemselves.Tasmaniandevilsareconsideredendangeredduetodevilfacialtumour1(DFT1),acancerthatispassedbetweenanimalsthroughthetransferoflivingcancercellswhentheanimalsbiteeachother.DFT1causesgrotesqueanddisfiguringfacialtumourswhichusuallyMilaffectedindividuals.TheDFT1cancerfirstaroseinasingleindividualdevilseveraldecadesago,butratherthandyingtogetherwiththisdevil,thecancersurvivedby4metastasising,intodifferentdevils.Therefore,theDNAofthedevils,tumourcellsisnottheirownDNA,butratherbelongstotheindividualdevilthatfirstgaverisetoDFT1allthoseyearsago.Remarkably,DFT1cellscanescapethedevils*immunesystemsdespitebeinginessenceaforeignbody.TheDFT1cancerwasfirstobservedinnorth-eastTasmaniain1996,buthassubsequentlyspreadwidelythroughouttheisland,causingsignificantdeclinesindevilpopulations.In2014,routinediagnosticscreeningrevealedasecondtransmissiblecancerinTasmaniandevils,devilfacialtumour2(DFT2),whichcausesfacialtumoursindistinguishabletothenakedeyefromthosecausedbyDFT1,andwhichisprobablyalsospreadbybiting.However,analysisshowedthatthetwotypesofcancerdifferatabiologicallevel,andwhereasDFT1firstarosefromthecellsofafemaledevil,DFT2appearstohavefirstarisenfromamaleanimal.Fornow,DFT2appearstobeconfinedtoapeninsulainTasmania,ssouth-east.uThediscoveryofasecondtransmissiblecancerinTasmaniandevilswasahugesurprise,"saysDrElizabethMurchisonfromtheDepartmentofVeterinaryMedicineattheUniversityofCambridge.uOtherthanthesetwocancers,weknowofonlyoneothernaturallyoccurringtransmissiblecancerinmammals-thecaninetransmissiblevenerealtumourindogs,whichfirstemergedseveralthousandyearsago.Note:ThisisnotarealIELTStest.Thispracticetestistogiveyouanopportunitytopractiseimplementingthestrategiesfromthecourse.Itdoesnotreflectthescores,timeneededorlevelofdifficultyofarealIELTStest.IELTSADVANTAGETrue/False/NGQuestionsStrategyPracticeInfact,outsideofmammals,onlyfivetransmissiblecancershavebeenobserved,allofwhichcauseIeukaemia-Iikediseasesinclamsandothershellfish.“Thescarcityoftransmissiblecancerssuggeststhatsuchdiseasesemergerarely,sheadds."Before1996,noonehadobservedtheminTasmaniandevils,sofindingtwotransmissiblecancersinTasmaniandevilsinjusteighteenyearswasverysurprising?Inordertoseewhetherthedeviltransmissiblecancersarecausedbyexternalfactorsorwhethertheanimalswerejustparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingthesecancers,aresearchteamledbyDrMurchisonanalysedthegeneticprofilesofDFT1andDFT2tumourstakenfromanumberofTasmaniandevils.Theteamfoundstrikingsimilaritiesintissues-of-origin,genetics,howthecancercellsmutate,andpossibledrugtargets.Thisimpliesthatthetwotumoursbelongtothesamecancertypeandaroseviasimilarmechanisms.Theteamstudiedthegeneticandphysicalfeaturesofthetumours,andcomparedthetwolineageswitheachotherandwithhumancancers.Indoingso,theyidentifiedanimportantroleinthetumoursforparticulartypesofmoleculesknownasreceptortyrosinekinases(RTKs)insustaininggrowthandsurvivalofDFTcancers.Importantly,drugstargetingRTKshavealreadybeendevelopedforhumancancer,andtheresearchersshowedthatthesedrugsefficientlystoppedthegrowthofdevilcancercellsgrowinginthelab.ThisleadstohopethatitmaybepossibletousethesedrugstohelpTasmaniandevils.WhyTasmaniandevilsshouldbeparticularlysusceptibletotheemergenceofDFTsisnotclear.However,devilsbiteeachotherfrequentlyaroundthefacialarea,oftencausingsignificanttissueinjury.GiventheimportantroleforRTKmoleculesinwoundhealing,theresearchersspeculatethatDFTcancersmayarisefromerrorsinthemaintenanceofproliferativecellsinvolvedintissuerepairafterinjury."Whenfighting,Tasmaniandevilsoftenbitetheiropponentsface,whichmaypredisposetheseanimalstotheemergenceofthisparticulartypeofcancerviatissueinjury,saysfirstauthorofthestudy,MaximilianStammnitz.uAsbitingoccursontheface,thiswouldsimultaneouslyprovidearouteofcelltransmission.,TheresearcherssayitisalsopossiblethathumanactivitiesmayhaveindirectlyincreasedtheriskoftheemergenceorspreadoftransmissibledevilfacialtumoursNote:ThisisnotarealIELTStest.Thispracticetestistogiveyouanopportunitytopractiseimplementingthestrategiesfromthecourse.Itdoesnotreflectthescores,timeneededorlevelofdifficultyofarealIELTStest.IELTSADVANTAGETrue/False/NGQuestionsStrategyPractice(DFTs)inrecentyears.Forinstance,itispossiblethatsomemodernlandusepracticesmayhaveprovidedfavourableconditionsfordevils,leadingtoanincreaseinlocalpopulationdensitiesofdevils,andtogreatercompetition,interactionsandfightsbetweenanimals,whichmayinturnhaveraisedprobabilitiesofDFTsarisingorspreading.Alternatively,earlypersecutionofdevilsbyEuropeancolonistsmayhaveadditionallycontributedtothisspecies'documentedlowgeneticdiversity,apossibleriskfactorfordiseasespreadandtheabilityofDFTstoescapetheimmunesystem.TheresearchersalsoidentifieddeletionsinDFT1andinDFT2ingenesinvolvedinrecognitionofcancercellsbytheimmunesystem.Thismayhelpexplainhowthesecancersescapetheimmunesystem.uThestoryofTasmaniandevilsinrecentyearshasbeenaveryconcerningone,”saysDrMurchison.uThisstudygivesusoptimismthatanti-cancerdrugsthatarealreadyinuseinhumansmayOfferachancetoassistwithconservationeffortsforthisiconicanimal.,Source:https:WWW.cam,ac.uk/research/news/human-anti-cancer-drugs-could-help-treat-tranSmiSSibIe-CanCerS-in-tasmaniandevilsQuestions1-10Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationprovidedinthepassage?TrueifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFalseifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNotGivenifthereisnoinformationonthis1. ThenaturalhabitatsofTasmaniandevilsarelocatedoneachcontinentoftheearth.2. TheonlyvisiblesignthataTasmaniandevilhastheDFT1cancerisinthedisfigurementcausedbyfacialtumours.3. TheDFT1cancerexistsinonlyasmallpartofTasmania.4. ItisimpossibleonlybylookingtoidentifyadifferencebetweenthetumoursonthefacesofTasmaniandevilsthatarecausedbyDFT1andthosecausedbyDFT2.Note:ThisisnotarealIELTStest.Thispracticetestistogiveyouanopportunitytopractiseimplementingthestrategiesfromthecourse.Itdoesnotreflectthescores,timeneededorlevelofdifficultyofarealIELTStest.QIELTS,zadvantageTrue/FaIse/NGQuestionsStrategyPractice5. ItislikelythatDFT2firstcameintoexistenceseveralthousandyearsago.6. Fewertransmissiblecancershavebeendiscoveredinmammalsthaninshellfish.7. FewscientistshadfoundcancersinTasmaniandevilsbefore1996.8. RTKsplayaprominentroleinmaintainingthegrowthofhumancancersaswellastheDFTcancerspresentinTasmaniandevils.9. ThemainwayinwhichTasmaniandevilsfightisbybitingeachother,sfaces.10. ThereismorethanonepossiblewayinwhichtheactivitiesofhumansmayhaveincreasedtheriskofTasmaniandevilshostingtransmissiblecancers.(Foranswers,seenextpage.)Note:ThisisnotarealIELTStest.Thispracticetestistogiveyouanopportunitytopractiseimplementingthestrategiesfromthecourse.Itdoesnotreflectthescores,timeneededorlevelofdifficultyofarealIELTStest.隰需True/Fa-se/NGQuestionsStrategyPracticeAnswerKey:Answerguidancevideo:https:WWW.I1.FExtrainfo-para12.NGExtrainfo-para23.FExtrainfo-para34.TExtrainfo-para45.NGExtrainfo-para56.TExtrainfo-para5+67.FExtrainfo-para78.NGExtrainfo-para9+109.NGExtrainfo-para1110.TExtrainfo-para13Note:ThisisnotarealIELTStest.Thispracticetestistogiveyouanopportunitytopractiseimplementingthestrategiesfromthecourse.Itdoesnotreflectthescores,timeneededorlevelofdifficultyofarealIELTStest.