计算机专业英语.ppt

计算机专业英语,Computer English,know the history of computer,identify parts of the computer in English,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,One of the first computerlike devices was developed in Germany by Konrad Zuse in 1941.Called the Z3,it was general-purpose,stored-program machine with many electronic parts,but it had a mechanical memory.Another electromechanical computing machine was developed by Howard Aiken,with financial assistance from IBM,at Harvard University in 1943.It was called the Automatic Sequence Control Calculator Mark I,or simply the Harvard Mark I.Neither of these machines was a true computer,however,because they were not entirely electronic.第一个类似计算机的装置之一是1941年由德国的Konrad Zuse研制的，叫做Z3,它是通用型储存程序机器，具有许多电子部件，但是它的存储器是机械的。另一台机电式计算机器是由霍华德.艾坎在IBM的资助下于1943年在哈佛大学研制的。它被称为自动序列控制计算器Mark I,或简称哈佛Mark I。然而，这些机器都不是真正的计算机,因为它们不是完全电子化的。,1.1.1 The ENIACPerhaps the most influential of the early computerlike devices was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer,or ENIAC.It was developed by J.Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania.The project began in 1943 and was completed in 1946.The machine was huge;it weighed 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes.也许早期最具影响力的类似计算机的装置应该是电子数字积分计算机，或简称ENIAC。它是由宾夕凡尼亚大学的J.Presper Eckert 和John Mauchly 研制的。该工程于1943年开始，并于1946年完成。这台机器极其庞大，重达30吨，而且包含18,000多个真空管。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,1.1.1 The ENIACWhile working on the ENIAC,Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician,John von Neuman.Together,they developed the idea of a stored program computer.This machine,called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer,or EDVAC,was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer.It was not completed,however,until 1951.在ENIAC的研制中，一个天才的数学家Von Neuman(冯.诺伊曼)加入到 Eckert和Mauchly团队,他们一起提出了储存程序计算机的主意。这部机器被称做电子离散变量自动计算机,或简称EDVAC,是第一部包括了计算机所有特征的机器。然而,直到1951年，它一直没有完成。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,1.1.1 The ENIACBefore the EDVAC was finished,several other machines were built that incorporated elements of the EDVAC design of Eckert,Mauchly,and von Neuman.One was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer,or EDSAC,which was developed in Cambridge,England.It first operated in May of 1949 and is probably the worlds first electronic stored-program,general-purpose computer to become operational.The first computer to operate in the United States was the Binary Automatic Computer,or BINAC,which became operational in August of 1949.在EDVAC完成之前，其他一些机器建成了，它们吸收了Eckert、Mauchly和Neuman设计的要素。其中一部是在英国剑桥研制的电子延迟存储自动计算机,或简称EDSAC，它在1949年5月首次运行，它可能是世界的第一台电子储存程序、通用型计算机投入运行。在美国运行的第一部计算机是二进制自动计算机,或简称BINAC,它在1949年8月投入运行。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,1.1.2 The UNIVAC ILike other computing pioneers before them,Eckert and Mauchly formed a company in 1947 to develop a commercial computer.The company was called the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation.Their objective was to design and build the Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC.Because of difficulties of getting financial support,they had to sell the company to Remington Rand in 1950.Eckert and Mauchly continued to work on the UNIVAC at Remington Rand and completed it in 1951.Known as the UNIVAC I,this machine was the first commercially available computer.像他们之前的其他计算机先驱一样,Eckert和Mauchly在1947年组成了一家公司开发商业计算机。公司名叫Eckert-Mauchly计算机公司。他们的目标是设计并建造通用自动计算机或UNIVAC。因为难以获得财政支持，他们不得不在1950年把公司卖给了Remington Rand公司。Eckert 和Mauchly继续在Remington Rand公司从事UNIVAC的研制工作，并在1951年取得成功。众所周知的UNIVAC I机器是世界上第一部商业化计算机。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,1.1.2 The UNIVAC IThe first UNIVAC I was delivered to the Census Bureau and used for the 1950 census.The second UNIVAC I was used to predict that Dwight Eisenhower would win the 1952 presidential election,less than an hour after the polls closed.The UNIVAC I began the modern of computer use.第一台UNIVAC I被交付人口普查局用于1950年的人口普查。在投票点关闭后1小时之内，第二台UNIVAC I 被用于预测D.艾森豪威尔会赢得1952年总统大选。UNIVAC I开始了现代计算机的应用。,1.2 Computer Generations,1.2.1 First-Generation Computers:19511958First-generation computers were characterized by the use of vacuum tubes as their principal electronic component.Vacuum tubes are bulky and produce a lot of heat,so first-generation computers were large and required extensive air conditioning to keep them cool.In addition,because vacuum tubes do not operate very fast,these computers were relatively slow.第一代计算机的特色是使用真空管为其主要电子器件。真空管体积大且发热严重,因此第一代计算机体积庞大，并且需要大量的空调设备保持冷却。此外,因为真空管运行不是很快，这些计算机运行速度相对较慢。The UNIVAC I was the first commercial computer in this generation.As noted earlier,it was used in the Census Bureau in 1951.It was also the first computer to be used in a business application.In 1954,General Electric took delivery of a UNIVAC I and used it for some of its business data processing.UNIVAC I是第一代中最早的商业化计算机。如前所述，它在1951年被用于人口普查局。它还是第一部用于商业应用的计算机。在1954年,通用电气接收了UNIVAC I,并用它进行一些商业数据处理。,1.2 Computer Generations,1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers:19591963In the second generation of computers,transistors replaced vacuum tubes.Although invented in 1948,the first all-transistor computer did not become available until 1959.Transistors are smaller and less expensive than vacuum tubes,and they operate faster and produce less heat.Hence,with second-generation computers,the size and cost of computers decreased,their speed increased,and their air-conditioning needs were reduced.在第二代计算机中，晶体管取代了真空管。虽然发明于1948年,但第一台全晶体管计算机直到1959年才成为现实。晶体管比真空管体积小、价格低，而且运行快而发热少。因此，随着第二代计算机的出现，计算机的体积和成本降低、速度提高，且它们对空调的需要减少。Many companies that had not previously sold computer entered the industry with the second generation.One of these companies that still makes computers is Control Data Corporation(CDC).They were noted for making high-speed computers for scientific work.许多先前不经销计算机的公司随着第二代计算机的出现进入计算机行业，其中今天仍然制造计算机的公司之一是控制数据公司(CDC),他们以制造用于科学工作的高速计算机而著名。,1.2 Computer Generations,1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers:19641970The technical development that marks the third generation of computers is the use of integrated circuits or ICs in computers.An integrated circuit is a piece of silicon(a chip)containing numerous transistors.One IC replaces many transistors in a computer;result in a continuation of the trends begun in the second generation.These trends include reduced size,reduced cost,increased speed,and reduced need for air conditioning.作为第三代计算机标志的技术发展是在计算机中使用集成电路或简称IC。一个集成电路就是包含许多晶体管的一个硅片(芯片)。一个集成电路代替了计算机中的许多晶体管，导致了始于第二代的一些趋势的继续。这些趋势包括计算机体积减小、成本降低、速度提高和对空调的需要减少。,1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers:1971?The fourth generation of computers is more difficult to define than the other three generations.This generation is characterized by more and more transistors being contained on a silicon chip.First there was Large Scale Integration(LSI),with hundreds and thousands of transistors per chip,then came Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI),with tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of transistors.The trend continues today.第四代计算机比其他三代更难以定义。这一代计算机的特征是一个芯片上包含越来越多的晶体管。首先，出现了一个芯片上具有数百和数千个晶体管的大规模集成电路(LSI)，接着出现了一个芯片上具有数万和数十万个晶体管的超大规模集成电路(VLSI)。这个趋势在今天仍在持续。,1.2 Computer Generations,recognizing computer,monitor mnit,显示器,keyboard ki:b:d,键盘,mouse mas,鼠标,system unit,主机,speaker,音响,printer prnt,打印机,modem mdem,调制解调器,microphone makrfn,麦克风,scanner skn,扫描仪,key elements of computer system,computer system,CPU(central processing unit)中央处理器,memory 内存,input devices 输入设备,output devices 输出设备,keyboard 键盘,mice/mouse 鼠标,microphone 麦克风,scanner 扫描仪,graphics tablet绘图板,monitor 显示器 speaker 音响 printer 打印机,