英语修辞实用.ppt

Simile 明喻,Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit we cannot flower and grow without it.My handwriting looks as if a swarm of ants,escaping from an ink bottle.,Compare the following sentences:Jim looks like his brother Billy.My car runs as fast as the train.A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face.Life was like a journey full of pitfall.,Metaphor 暗喻,Happiness is like sunshine:it is made up of very little beams.The sunshine of happiness is made up of very little beams.metaphor,Synecdoche 提喻,Synecdoche 提喻是这样一种修辞格：部分代替整体，整体代替部分，以某种事物代替某类事物，以某类事物代替某种事物，以原材料的名称代替由其制成的某种东西。Part for the whole;Whole for the part;The abstract for the concrete;The concrete for the abstract.,1.以部分代替整体They were short of hands at harvest time.I Will count three hundred-thats five minutes-and not one of you is to move a muscle.这句中的作为身体组成部分的muscle代替的是整个身体。,2.以整体代部分England won the game.Then the surgeon cut me open and take out the appendix and stitched me up again.,3.以一种事物代替一类事物He manages to earn his bread.Oh,the spring should vanish with the rose!,5.用原材料代替其制品Do you have any coppers?The prisoner was bound in irons for ten years.。6.以个体代替一类This young man is very clever;he may be another Edison.A whale ship is my Yale College and Harvard.,Metonymy 转喻,借代,A figure of speech that consists in using the name of one for that of something else with it is associated.The kettle is boiling.以壶代替壶中之水。The hall applauded.整个大厅（的人）热烈鼓掌。He is not the man who lets his heart rule his head.他不是那种让情感控制理智的人。,Personification(拟人）,(1)The handsome houses on the street to the college were not fully awake,but they looked very friendly.(2)“Help,let me in,please let me in!”But the houses were cold,closed,unfriendly,Transferred Epithet(移就),The Grape of Wrath 愤怒的葡萄All that sleepless night I replayed the moment those black gloves came up to the car window.,1.在形式上修饰甲名词的修饰语，在语义上修饰乙名词。Eg：She has expensive tastes in clothes.When Im having trouble with a story and think about giving up,or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me,I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine,and type,word by painful word,just the way mother did.,Hyperbole 夸张1.Thank you very much.Thanks a million.2.She is very pretty.She is the prettiest girl in the world.3.He laughed heartily.He almost died laughing.4.She laughed,and the whole world laughed with her.5.“Im the happiest man in the world,”he whispered to himself.“Im the happiest man in the world.”,Euphemism 委婉语“It is a substitution of agreeable,inoffensive,mild,vague,or roundabout expression for harsh,direct,unpleasant,or offensive one.question:What are the probable motives of using euphemism?,Examples:Death,Illness,Old Age,etc.to die to pass away;to depart;to go to sleep;to go to heaven;2.old age,getting on in years;past ones prime;second childhood;3.old people-Senior citizens,.living on dole(施舍)on relief;on welfare benefits;.slum:sub-standard housing;The motive:to soften harsh reality;to soften harsh reality;or to cover up governmental inability to solve social and economic problems“cosmetic”words;C.Professions of low social standing a maid,housekeeper,etc.domestic help;day-help;live-in help;2.chief waiter,waitress captain;hostess;3.hairdresser:beautician The motive:to uplift these professions by name,oxymoron（矛盾修饰）,用两种不相调和，甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物，在矛盾中寻求哲理的统一，以便收到奇警的修辞效果。1.形容词+名词 busy idleness 无事忙 a victorious defeat 胜利的失败 painful pleasure 悲喜交加 a thunderous silence 无声胜有声 The mother is undergoing the joyful pain and the painful joy of childbirth.,2.形容词+形容词cruel sweet love 残忍而又甜蜜的爱情bitter-sweet memory辛酸而又甜蜜的回忆bad good news令人沮丧的好消息cold pleasant manner既冷淡又友好的态度poor rich guys贫穷的富人3.副词+形容词politely wrong 高雅但错误falsely true 似真还假a mercifully fatal blow 慈悲为怀的致命打击He was deliciously tired.他很疲倦，但心里美滋滋的。,Irony(反语)Irony 反语，即说反话。也就是使用与本意相反的词语表达本意，以达到强调的目的A method of humorous or subtly sarcastic expression in which the intended meaning of the words used is the direct opposite of their usual sense.一种富有幽默感或精妙地挖苦人的表达方法，其所用的词语要表达的意义正与这些词语的通常意义相反。,It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.（A bad thing to be late for work）-“Could you wait a few days for the money?I havent any small change about me.”-“Oh,you havent?Well,of course I know that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.”,Pun 双关A pun is usually the humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more of its meanings or the meaning of another word similar in sound.Words different in form but having almost the same sound 谐音双关E.g.:On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.星期天他们为你祈祷，星期一他们却向你榨取。B.A word having two or more meanings 语义双关:e.g.“Fourth floor,”shouted the passenger to the elevator.“Here you are,son.How dare you call me son?”“Sir,I called,or whatever.Ive brought you up,anyway.”,2.A professor tapped on his desk and shouted:gentlemen-order!”The entire class yelled beer”Order一词既可以理解为安静，又可以理解为点菜或点饮料3.where is Washington?Hes dead.I mean,the capital of the United States.They loaded it all to Europe.Now do you promise to support the constitution?Me?How can I?Ive got a wife and five children to support.Washington 美国首都华盛顿，美国第一人总统华盛顿capital 首都，资本 support支持，抚养 美国进行选举登记时，对选民的口头测试，体现幽默感，讽刺美国政治。,4.We must all hang together,or most assuredly,we shall all hang separately.(Benjamin Franklin)我们大家必须紧紧地团结在一起，否则我们大家就必然会一个一个地被绞死。5.Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers?Because they lie first on one side,and then on the other,and remain wide wake all the time.为什么律师们都睡不好觉？因为他们一会儿再这方面撒谎，一会儿又在另一方面撒谎，所以他们总是提心吊胆。1.pun可使语言精练，语义含蓄 An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.,2.pun修辞格还能以其生动有趣的语言，对各种社会弊端和各色人物进行讽刺。I finally figured out how government works.The Senate gets the bill from the House.The President gets the bill from the Senate。And we get the bill for everything.前两个是议会提案，第三个是账单。The congressmans wife shook him vigorously in the middle of the night.Wake up,Adam!She whispered frantically.Theres a thief in the house!”“No way,came the sleepy reply.”In the Senate,maybe.In the House never.”house 小写房子，大写众议院,Alliteration(头韵)源于拉丁语，意思是repetition of the same letter（重复使用同一个字母）。在一组词、一句话或一行诗里，在彼此靠近的两个或两个以上的词中，其开头的音节（或其他重度音节）具体相同字母或声音，主要是辅音字母。Repetition of an initial sound,usually of a consonant or cluster,in two or more words of a phrase,line of poetry,etc.E.g.：clear as crystal(水晶般的清莹)，deep in debt(债台高筑)，now or never(机不可失，时不再来)，safe and sound(安然无恙),alliteration(头韵)的主要修辞作用是增强语音的节奏感，此外还可用于模拟很多事物的声响，以使语音表达更为生动形象。1、用于诗歌。Sweet and low,sweet and low,Wind of the western sea,Silver sails all out of the west,Under the silver moon;(A.Tennyson:Song)The fair breeze blew,the what foam flew,The furrow followed free;We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea.(S.T.Coleridge:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner),2、用于谚语、警句、习语等。例如：Live and learn.Money makes the mare go.Willful waste makes woeful want.肆意挥霍，家徒四壁。To cut the coat according to the cloth.A fair face may hide a foul heart.笑里可以藏刀。Many men,many minds.十个人，十条心。3、用于散文。The flakes were falling thick and bard now,pouring past the window,a waterfall of mystery.Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience.Let us redouble our exertions,and strikewith united strength while life and power remain.,4、用于各种广告。Vitamin for Vim and Vigor.Sea,sun,sand,seclusion-and Spain.Cut Costs without Cutting Corners.5、用于书名或报刊文章标题。Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见 Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感 Peis Pyramids Puzzle Paris 贝氏的金字塔使巴黎困惑,Anticlimax Definition：It is a sentence in which the last part expresses something lower than the first.In fact,a bathetic declension from a noble tone to one less exalted.The effect can be comic and is often intended to be so.作者所描述的事物意义重大，深刻，本来应推向高潮，但突然却转入微不足道，平淡的琐事，或荒诞的事物。即从强到弱，从高到低降下来，听众或读者得到一个与预期的完全不同，甚至是相反的结论，因此哑然失笑。,Thanks to space research,we can now see television pictures transmitted live half-way across globe and the housewife can use non-stick frying-pans in the kitchen.多亏了对外层空间的探索，我们现在才能观看从另一半球发送来的电视实况，家庭主妇也在厨房里用上了不粘底的炒菜锅。We had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and mule-loads of tourists-and dust.我们的旅伴有很多，要载客的马车，有当做坐骑的骡子还有滚滚尘土。The following was written on the gravestone of an army mule:Here lies Maggie,the mule who in her time kicked a general,two colonels,four majors,ten captains,twenty-four lieutenants,forty sergeants,two hundred and twenty privates,and a bomb.军骡墓碑上是这样写的：“军骡马吉葬在这里。在他的一生中，他踢过一个上将，两个上校，四个少校，十个少尉，二十四个中尉，四十个士官，二百二十个士兵和一个炸弹。”,Seldom has a city gained such world renown,and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima,a town known throughout the world for itsoysters.很少有城市能获得如此的世界声誉。我感到骄傲，并高兴地欢迎你们来到广岛，这个以它的牡蛎闻名于世界的城市。2 在一段文字里，照原来的描写，情节一步一步按逻辑发展，就要达到高潮，忽然笔锋一转，高潮急剧直下，转入一个微不足道或荒诞的结尾，收到出人意外的喜剧效果。There was a silence.Alexander spoke first,with a kindly greeting.Looking at the poor broken cask,the single ragged garment,and the rough figure on the ground,he said,“Is there anything I can do for you,Diogenes?”“Yes,”said the Dog.“stand to one side,youre blocking the sunlight.”,The senator pledged to oppose war,fight poverty,protect individual freedom and name a new state flower.那位参议员保证反对战争，同贫困进行斗争，保护个人的自由，而且指定新的州花。1.幽默风趣I am told several pickpockets are there.Let them remember that the eye of God on them,and also that there are a number of policemen in the house.我听说这里有几个扒手。让他们记住上帝的眼睛正在盯着他们，而且这屋子里还有一些警察。He sprang to his feet,flung off his coat,drew his sword,jumped upon the enemy,and burped.他一跃而起，匆匆脱掉上衣，拔出利剑，向敌人扑过去，结果打了一个嗝。,2讽刺嘲笑The Kaiser was forced to flee to Holland where he lived out his remaining 23 years,“unwept,unhonoured,and unhung.”凯撒被迫逃到荷兰，在那儿他度过了23年余生，“没有哭泣，没有荣耀，也没有上绞架。”But thousands die,without this or that Die,and endow a college or a cat.成千上万的人死去没，少东少西，缺这缺那，也有人死后捐资兴办一所大学，或捐钱养活一只猫。3出人意外He has been a doctor a year now and has had two patients-no three,I think-yes,it was three;I attended their funerals.他行医迄今已有一年了，曾看过两个病人不，三个，我想对了，那是三个，我参加过他们的葬礼嘛。,Antithesis 对照,Definition：The rhetorical opposing or contrasting of ideas by means of grammatically paralleled arrangements of words,clauses or sentences.由结构平行的词语，从句或句子排列而成，语义上相互对立或对照的一种修辞格。The end of passion is the beginning of repentance.盛怒的结束就是悔恨的开始。Hope is a good breakfast but a bad supper.希望是美味的早餐，无味的晚餐。Speech is silver,silence is golden.雄辩是银，沉默是金。When poverty comes in at the door,love flies out at the window.贫穷走进门来，爱情飞出窗外。,1.Words Knowledge makes humble,ignorance makes proud.知识使人谦虚，无知使人骄傲。Men make houses,women make homes.男人造屋，女人理家。The seed ye sow,another reaps;你们播下了种子，别人来收割；The wealth ye find,another keeps;你们找到了财富，别人来占有；The robes ye weave,another wears;你们织布成衣，穿在别人身上；The arms ye forge,another bears.你们锻造武器，握在别人的手。(Percy Bysshe Shelley:Song to the Men of England)Penny wise,pound foolish.小事聪明，大事糊涂。Feed a cold,starve a fever.伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿。A friend exaggerates a mans virtue,an enemy his crime.朋友宣扬你的美德，敌人宣扬你的罪恶。,2.Phrases:We find ourseleves rich in goods,but ragged in spirit,reaching with magnificent precision for the moon,but falling raucous discord on earth.我们物质丰富，却精神贫乏；我们以卓越的准确度登上月球，但却坠入一片混乱的地球。he declared.The Christian believes that man came from above.The evolutionist believe that he must have come from below”.他说：“基督徒认为人是从天上掉下来的，进化主义者认为人是从地上产生的。”3.Subordinate clause And so,my fellow American,ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country.由此，我的同胞，不要问国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们能为国家做些什么。,What between the poor men I wont have and the rich men who wont have me,I stand as a pelican in the wilderness.一边是我不欲与之为伍的穷人，一边是不欲与我为伍的有钱人，我像一只伫立在荒野的塘鹅。以上两例，采用的是交错倒置的排列，重复前面从句的某些成分，并倒置某些词语，使句子前后对照，相映成趣，寓意深刻，发人深省。The world will little note,nor long remember what we say here,but it can never forget what they did here.世界不会注意，也不会记住我们在这儿说过什么，但永远也不会忘记他们在这儿做过什么。Deeds show what we are;words,what we should be.行为展示我们的实况，言论表示我们的理想。,4.Sentences An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity,a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.乐观的人在灾难中看到希望，悲观的人在希望中看到灾难。A miser grows rich by seeming poor.An extravagant man grows poor by seeming rich.吝啬鬼装穷变富，奢侈者装富变穷。I had walked into that reading room a happy healthy man.I crawled out a decrepit wreck.我走进那间阅览室时，是一个开心而健康的人，我爬出来时则成了一个衰老饱受摧残的人。Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice.Now is the time to lift our nation from the quick sands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.现在是走出幽暗荒凉的种族隔离深谷，踏上种族平等的阳关大道的时候。现在是使我们国家走出种族不平等的流沙，踏上充满手足之情的磐石的时候。,Question:What are the features of antithesis?,Parallel structure:Sense of rhythm:The effects that can be achieved:For profundity of judgment;Humor,satire(讽刺),etc.Comparison and contrast between antithesis and contrast:Similarity:both have the two parts with opposing meanings;Difference:Contrast does not involve parallel structure,which is required in antithesis.,Zeugma(轭式搭配)它的形式一般是一个中心词（通常是形容词，动词或介词）来搭配两个或更多的名词，其中这个中心词只能与一个形成自然的搭配，而与另一个本来不能搭配，不过巧妙地借助于前面那个正常的搭配，运用到后者的身上。结果不但不显得牵强，反而更有更强的表现力。I used to organize my fathers tools,my mothers kitchen utensils,my sisters boyfriends.在这个句子中，动词organize支配着三个并列的名词。Alas,Debbie was far beyond my wildest dreams.We were separated not only by five rows of desks,but by about 50 I.Q.points.At noon Mrs.Turpin get out of bed and humor,put on kimono,airs and water to boil for coffee.,Zeugma 常具有以下几种形式：1、用一个动词支配两个或两个以上的名词。这是zeugma 最常见的格式。例如：They would throw sharp questions at him and get sharper answers.Sometimes they throw jeers and get jibes;sometimes bits of food,and scant thanks;sometimes a mischievous pebble,and get a shower of stones and abuse.The neighbors who,at night,when some one lay drunk in the street,moaning and groaning in that typical French ivresse that you were propaganda to believe did not exist,would open their windows and then the murmur of talk.,2、用一个形容词修饰两个（以上的）名词。例如：When commemorating the great soul,the friends of his went to the graveyard with weeping eyes and hearts.It is much better to have a patched jacket than to have a patched character.3、一个介词支配两个或两个以上的名词。Tourists are afraid to come.Thats one of the serious effects of poaching.It scares off visitors.And that means it scares off money that this young nation of Kenya needs.4、两个主语共用一个谓语。Some pitying hand may find it there,when I and my sorrows are dust.Glass,china and reputation are easily cracked and never well mended.,词义反语是用词语表达相反的意思，这是反语的普通的形式。We are lucky.Its the other side on the thirteenth of December.That makes us feel real good.我们很幸运。12月13日到达彼岸。那使我们觉得真愉快。(数字13对西方人来说是一个不吉利的数字)A bronco often becomes so attached to his master that he will lay down his life necessary-his masters life,I mean.It saves a lot of trouble if,instead of having to earn money and save it,you can just go and borrow it.I stayed in the hospital ten days with my sister who was dying.Barbara,my ex-best friend,came to my house to look after my children.She helped things out and took my things out.She did help.,Parody(仿拟)A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.A friend in need is a friend indeed.Wine was thicker than blood to the Mondovi brothers,who feuded bitterly over control of the family business,Charles Krug Winery.Blood i