老托福93篇听力原文.docx

Communityserviceisanimportantcomponentofeducationhereatouruniversity.Weencouragea1.1.studentstovo1.unteerforat1.eastonecommunityactivitybeforetheygraduate.Anewcommunityprogramca1.1.ed"OneOnOne"he1.pse1.ementa1.studentswho'vefa1.1.enbehind.Youeducationmajorsmightbeespecia1.1.yinterestedinitbecauseitofferstheopportunitytodosometeachingthatis,tutoringinmathandEng1.ish.You'dhavetovo1.unteertwohoursaweekforonesemester.Youcanchoosetohe1.pachi1.dwithmath.Eng1.ish,orboth.Ha1.f-hour1.essonsarefine,soyoucou1.ddoaha1.fhourofeachsubjecttwodaysaweek.ProfessorDodgewi1.1.actasamentortothetutorshe'1.1.beavai1.ab1.etohe1.pyouwith1.essonp1.ansortooffersuggestionsforactivities.HehasofficehourseveryTuesdayandThursdayafternoon.YoucansignupIbrtheprogramwithhimandbeginthetutoringnextweek.msureyou'1.1.enjoythiscommunityserviceandyou'1.1.gainva1.uab1.eexperienceatthesametime.It1.ooksgoodonyourresume,too,showingthatyou'vehadexperiencewithchi1.drenandthatyoucareaboutyourcommunity.Ifyou'd1.iketosignup,orifyouhaveanyquestions,stopbyProfessorDodge'sofficethisweek.2Ihopeyou'vea1.1.finishedreadingtheassignedchapteroninsurancesothatyou'repreparedforourdiscussiontoday.But,beforewestart,d1.iketomentionafewthingsyourtextdoesn'tgointo.It'sinterestingtonotethatinsurancehasexistedinsomeformforavery1.ongtime.Theear1.iestinsurancepo1.icieswerewhatweca1.1.edenoughtogiveyouagreatviewofthesawgrassprairie.Fromtherewe'1.1.headtosomeothermarshyandevenjung1.e1.ikeareasthatfeaturewonderfu1.tropica1.p1.ant1.ife.Forthoseofyouwho'd1.ikeac1.oserviewofthesawgrassprairie,youmightconsiderrentingacanoesometimeduringyourvisithere.However,don'tdothisun1.essyouhaveaverygoodsenseofdirectionandcannegotiateyourwaythroughta1.1.grass.We'dhatetohavetocome1.ookingforyou.Youhavethegoodfortuneofbeinghereinthewinter-thebesttimeofyeartovisit.Duringthespringandsummer,themos<uitoeswi1.1.justabouteatyoua1.ive!Rightnowthey'renotsobothersome,butyou'1.1.sti1.1.wanttouseaninsectrepe1.1.ent.5Thankyou.It'sgreattoseesomanyofyouinterestedinthisserieson"Surviva1.inOuterSpace."P1.easeexcusethecameras,we'rebeingvideotapedforthe1.oca1.TVstations.Tonightmgoingtota1.kaboutthemostbasicaspectofsuniva1.-thespacesuit.Whenmostofyouimagineanastronaut,that'sprobab1.ythefistthingthatcomestomind,right?We1.1.,withoutspacesuits,itwou1.dnotbepossib1.eforustosurviveinspace.Forexamp1.e,outerspaceisavacuumthere'snogravityorairpressure;withoutprotection,abodywou1.dexp1.ode.What'smore,we'dcookinthesunorfreezeintheshadewithtemperaturesrangingfromatoasty300degreesabovetoacoo1.300degreesbe1.owzeroFahrenheit.ThespacesuitthatNASAhasdeve1.opedistru1.yamarve1.Thisphotoen1.argementhereisa1.ife-sizeimageofanactua1.spacesuitwombyastronautsonthe1.astspaceshutt1.emission.Thispartisthetorso.It*smadeofsevenextreme1.ydurab1.e1.ayers.Thisthickinsu1.ationprotectsagainsttemperatureextremesandradiation.Nextiswhattheyca1.1.a"b1.adder"ofoxygenthat'saninf1.atab1.esac.fi1.1.edwithoxygen,tosimu1.ateatmosphericpressure.Thisb1.adderpressesagainstthebodywiththesameforceastheEarth'satmosphereatsea1.eve1.Theinne11nost1.ayersprovide1.iquidcoo1.ingandventi1.ation.Despitea1.1.the1.ayers,thesuitisf1.exib1.e,a1.1.owingfreemovementsowecanwork.Anotherrea1.1.ysophisticatedpartofthespacesuitisthehe1.met.Ibroughtonea1.ongtoshowyou.CanIhaveavo1.unteercomeanddemonstrate?6Goodevening.MynameisPamJones,andonbeha1.foftheMo<iemDanceCk1.b,I'eyoutotonight'sprogram.Thec1.ubisp1.easedtopresenttheTVversionofTheCatherineWhee1.,Twy1.aTharp'srockba1.1.et.Thisvideoversionoftheba1.1.ethasbeenevenmoresuccessfu1.withaudiencesthantheorigina1.theaterproduction.Itinc1.udessomeanimation,s1.owmotion,andstop-actionfreezesthatrea1.1.yhe1.ptheaudienceunderstandthedance.Thetit1.eofthepiecereferstoSaintCatherine,whodiedonawhee1.in307A.D.Nowadays,aCatherinewhee1.isa1.soakindoffirework.It1.ookssomething1.ikeapinwhee1.Anyway,thedanceiscertain1.yfu1.1.offireworks!You'1.1.seehowTwy1.aTharPexp1.oresonefami1.y'sattempttoconfrontthevio1.enceinmodern1.ife.Thecentra1.symbo1.oftheworkisapineapp1.e,butexact1.ywhatitrepresentshasa1.wayscreateda1.otofcontroversy.Asyouwatch,seeifyoucanfigureitout.Themusicforthispieceisfu1.1.oftherhythmicenergyofrockmusic,itwascomposedbyDavidByme.OftherockbandTa1.kingHeads?Andthe1.eaddancerinthisversionwasSaraRudner,whoisBeforestartingourtourofMontice1.1.o,d1.iketogiveyousomehistorica1.factsthatmighthe1.pyouappreciatewhatyouseeto<iayevenmore.Montice1.1.owastheverymuch1.ovedhomeofThomasJeffersonforoverfiftyyears.Jefferson,whowas,ofcourse.President,wasa1.soagreatreaderand1.anguageenthusiast.Hereadwide1.yondifferentsubjects,inc1.udingarchitecture.Hewasn'tfonna1.1.ytrainedinarchitecture,butasaresu1.tofhisstudyandobservationofotherbui1.dings,hewasab1.etohe1.pdesignandbui1.dthehouse.Hechosethesitehimse1.f,namingtheestate"Montice1.1.o."whichmeans"1.itt1.emountain"inIta1.ian.Infact,manyoftheideasbehindthedesigna1.socamefromtheIta1.ianarchitectAndreaPa1.1.adio,who1.ivedinthesixteenthcenturyandwhohadagreatinf1.uenceonthearchitectureofEng1.and.Jefferson,however,ignoredoneofPa1.1.adio'sprincip1.es,thatis,nottobui1.dinahighp1.ace.Montice1.1.o'se1.evationmadethetransportationofwhatwasneededatthehouseforexamp1.e,food-especia1.1.ydifficu1.t.Buttheviewfromtheestatewou1.dnotbeasspectacu1.arifJeffersonhadfo1.1.owedPa1.1.adio'sadvice;thererea1.1.yisnoboundarybetweenthehouseandthenaturearoundit,andsoJeffersonwasab1.eto1.ookoutonhisbe1.ovedstateofVirginiafromhiswonderfu1.vantagepoint.Nowwe'1.1.goontoJefferson's1.ibrary.9Nowthatwe'vea1.1.introducedourse1.vestothenewmembers,1.et'sgetdowntowork.Asthecommitteeinchargeofthisyear'stree-p1.antingproject,wehavesevera1.itemsonouragenda.First,wehavetoreviewthebudget.Thepresidenthasinformedmethatthetrusteeshavesetaside$3.000forthepurchaseoftreesandourenvironmenta1.T-shirtsa1.enettedaprofitOf$1,500.Second,wehavetofina1.izethechoiceoftrees.Asyouknow,we'reworkingwithRichardson'sNurseryagainthisyearsinceeveryoneseemedp1.easedwith(heworkhedidforus1.astyear.Mr.Richardsonhaspresenteduswithsevera1.choiceswithinourpricerangethathethinkswou1.dmeetourneeds.He'ssentuspicturesofthetreesforUSto1.ookat,buthewantedmetote1.1.youthatwe'etovisitthenurseryifwewanttoseethetreesthemse1.ves.1.ast1.y,weneedtop1.ansomekindofceremonytocommeno1111ethep1.anting.Severa1.ideas,inc1.udingagardenpartyofsomesort,havebeensuggested.So1.et'sgetonwithitandturntothefirstorderofbusiness.10WetotheFourWindsHistorica1.Farm,wheretraditionsofthepastarepreservedforvisitors1.ikeyou.Today,ourmasterIhatcherswi1.1.begingivingthisba11behindmeasturdythatchedroof,ab1.etowithstandheavywindsand1.astuptoahundredyears.Howdotheydoit?We1.1.,inanutshe1.1.,thatchinginvo1.vescoveringthebeamsorrafters,thewoo<ienske1.etonofaroofwithreedsorstraw.Ourthatchersherehaveharvestedtheirownnatura1.materia1.sforthejob.thebund1.esofwaterreedsyousee1.yingovertherebesidethebarn.Thatchingiscertain1.yuncommonintheUntiedStatestoday.Iguessthat'swhysomanyofyouhavecometoseethisdemonstration.Butitwasn'ta1.waysthatway.Intheseventeenthcentury,theco1.onistsherethatchedtheirroofswithreedsandStrawJustastheyhaddoneinEng1.and.Afterawhi1.e,though,theybegantorep1.acethethatchwithwoodenshing1.esbecausewoodwassop1.entifu1.Andeventua1.1.y,otherroofingmateria1.s1.ikestone,s1.ate,andc1.ayti1.escameintouse.It'sarea1.shamethatmostpeop1.etodaydon'trea1.izehowstrongand1.ong1.astingathatchedroofis.InIre1.and,wherethatchingissti1.1.practiced,theroofscansurvivewindsofuptoonehundredtenmi1.esperhour.That'sbecausestrawandreedsaresof1.exib1.e.Theybendbutdon'tbreakinthewind1.ikeothermateria1.scan.Anotheradvantageisthat(heroofskeepthehousecoo1.inthesummerandwarninthewinter.Andthen,ofcourse,there'stheroofs'1.ongevityIheaverageissixtyyears,buttheycan1.astUPioahundred.Witha1.1.thesereasonstostartthatchingroofsagain,wou1.dn'titbewonderfu1.toseethisdisappearingcraftreturntopopu1.arity?11A1.otofpeop1.eintheUnitedStatesarecoffeedrinkers.Overthe1.astfewyears,atrendhasbeendeve1.opingtointroducepremium,specia1.1.yb1.endedcoffees,knownas"gourmetcoffees"intotheAmericanmarket.Bostonseemstohavebeenthebirthp1.aceofthistrend.Infact,majorgourmetcoffeemerchantsfromothercities1.ikeSeatt1.eandSanFranciscocametoBoston,wheretodaythey'reengagedinakindof"coffeewar"withBoston'smerchants.TpetingforasignificantshareofthegourmetCoffeemarket.Surprising1.y,thecompetitionamongthese1.eadinggourmetcoffeebusinesseswi1.1.nothurtanyofthem.ExpertspredictthatthegourmetcoffeemarketintheUnitedStatesisgrowingandwi1.1.continuetogrow,tothepointthatgourmetcoffeewi1.1.sooncaptureha1.fofwhatisnowa1.5-mi1.1.ion-do1.1.armarketandwi1.1.bean8-mi1.1.ion-do1.1.armarketby1999.Studieshaveshownthatcoffeedrinkerswhoconverttogourmetcoffeese1.domgobacktotheregu1.arbrandsfoundinSiipennarkets.Asaresu1.t,thesebrandswi1.1.betherea1.1.osersinthegourmetcoffeecompetition.12Youmayrememberthatafewweeksagowediscussedthequestionofwhatphotog11hyis.Isitart,orisitamethodofreproducingimages?Dophotographsbe1.onginmiiseuinsorjustinourhomes?Today1wanttota1.kaboutapersonwhotriedtomakehisprofessiona1.1.ifeananswertosuchquestions.A1.fredStieg1.itzwentfromtheUnitedStatestoGermanytostudyengineering.Whi1.ehewasthere,hebecameinterestedinphotographyandbegantoexperimentwithhiscamera.Hetookpicturesunderconditionsthatmostphotographersconsideredtoodifficu1.t.Hetookthematnight,intherain,andofpeop1.eandobjectsref1.ectedinwindows.Whenhere1.umedtotheUnitedStateshecontinuedtheserevo1.utionaryefforts.Stieg1.itzwasthefirstpersontophotographskyscrapers,c1.ouds,andviewsfromanairp1.ane.WhatStieg1.itzwastryingtodointhesephotographswaswhathetried(odothroughouthis1.ife:makephotographyanart.Hefe1.tthatphotographycou1.dbejustasgoodaformofse1.f-expressionaspaintingordrawing.ForStieg1.itz,hiscamerawashisbrush.Whi1.emanyphotographersofthe1.ate1800'sandear1.y19(X)'sthoughtoftheirworkasareproductionofidentica1.images,Stieg1.itzsawhisasacreativeartform.Heunderstoodthepowerofthecameratocapturethemoment.Infact,heneverretouchedhisprintsormadecopiesofthem.Ifhewereinthisc1.assroomtoday,msurehe'dsay,"We1.1.,paintersdon'tnorma1.1.ymakeextracopiesoftheirpaintings,dothey?"13So,uh.asJimsaid,JamesPo1.kwasthee1.eventhPresident,and.uh.we1.1.,myreport'saboutthenextPresidentZacharyTay1.or.Tay1.orwase1.ectedin1849.It'ssurprisingbecause.we1.1.,hewasthefirstPresidentthatdidn'thaveanypreviouspo1.itica1.experience.Themainreasonhewaschosenasacandidatewasbecausehewasawarhero.Inthearmy,hismenca1.1.edhim"O1.dRoughandReady".Iguessbecauseofhis."roughedges."Hewaskindofb1.untandhedidn'trea1.1.y1.ook1.ikeami1.itaryhero.He1.ikedtodothings1.ikewearcivi1.ianc1.othesinsteadofauniforneveninbatt1.e.Andhewassoshortandp1.umphehadtobe1.iftedupontohishorse.Buthedidwina1.otofbatt1.esandhebecamemoreandmorepopu1.ar.So,theWhigpartydecidedtonominatehimforthepresidency,eventhoughnooneknewanythingaboutwherehestoodontheissues.1cou1.dn'tfindmuchabouthisaccomp1.ishments,probab1.ybecausehewason1.yinofficeaboutayearandaha1.fbeforehedied.Butonething,hepushedforthedeve1.opmentofthetranscontinenta1.rai1.roadbecausehethoughtitwasimportanttoforma1.inkwiththeWestCoast.Therewasa1.otofwea1.thinCa1.iforniaandOregonfromcommerceandminera1.sandstuff.A1.so,heestab1.ishedanagricu1.tura1.bureauintheDepartmentoftheInteriorandpromotedmoregovernmentaidtoagricu1.ture.We1.1.,that'sabouta1.1.Ifound.1.ikeIsaid,hediedinofficein1850,sohisVicePresidenttookover,andthat'sthenextreport,so.thankyou.14Ieeachandeveryba1.1.oonenthusiasttoPhi1.ade1.phia.Thankyouforcomingherethismorningtocommemora1.ethefirstba1.1.oonvoyageintheUnitedStates.OnJanuary9.1793,atteno'c1.ockinthemorning,asi1.kba1.1.oon1.iftedintotheskiesabovethiscity,whichwas,atthetime,thecapita1.ofthecountry.Accordingtotheorigina1.recordsofthef1.ight,thevoyage1.astedforty-sixminutes,fromitsdepartureinPhi1.ade1.phiatoits1.andingacrosstheDe1.awareRiverinNewJersey.Thoughourpi1.otstodaywi1.1.trytoapproximatetheorigina1.1.andingsite,they'reatthemercyofthewinds,sowhoknowswherethey'1.1.driftoffto.Eventheba1.1.oonistin1793experiencedsomeuncertainweatherthatday.Therewerec1.ouds,fog,andmistinvariousdirections.Ourreenactmentpromisestobenothing1.essthanspectacu1.ar.Theye1.1.owba1.1.oondirect1.ybehindmeisfivestorieshigh.It'sinf1.atedwithhe1.ium,un1.iketheorigina1.,whichwasfi1.1.edwithhydrogenand,unbeknownsttothepi1.ot,potentia1.1.yexp1.osive.Gas-fi1.1.edmode1.sareprettyuncommonnowbecauseoftheextreme1.yhighcost,sotheeightyotherba1.1.oonsintoday's1.auncharehotair,heatedbypropaneburners.Theseba1.1.oonsarefroma1.1.overthecountry.15mg1.adyoubroughtupthequestionofourinvestigationsintothemakeupoftheEarth'sinterior.Infact,sincethisisthetopicofyourreadingassignmentfornexttime,1.etmespendthese1.astfewminutesofc1.assta1.kingaboutit.Thereweresevera1.importantdiscoveriesintheear1.ypartofthiscenturythathe1.pedgeo1.ogistsdeve1.opamoreaccuratepictureoftheEarth'sinterior.Thefirstkeydiscoveryhadtodowithseismicwaves.Remembertheyarethevibrationscausedbyearthquakes.We1.1.,scientistsfoundthattheytrave1.edthousandsofmi1.esthroughtheEarth'sinterior.Thisfindingenab1.edgeo1.ogiststostudytheinnerpartsoftheEnrth.Yousee,thesestudiesrevea1.edthatthesevibrationswereoftwotypes:compressionorPwavesandshearorSwaves.AndresearchersfoundthatPwavestrave1.throughboth1.iquidsandso1.ids,whi1.eSwaves(rave1.on1.ythroughso1.idmatter.In1906.aBritishgeo1.ogistdiscoveredthatPwavess1.oweddownatacertaindepthbutkepttrave1.ingdeeper.Ontheotherhand,Swaveseitherdisappearedorwereref1.ectedback,soheconc1.udedthatthedepthmarkedtheboundarybetweenaso1.idmant1.eanda1.iquidcore.Threeyears1.ater,anotherboundarywasdiscoveredthatbetweenthemant1.eandtheEarth'scrust.There'ssti1.1.aIo1.tobe1.earnedabouttheEarth.Forinstance,geo1.ogistsknowthatthecoreishot.Evidenceofthisisthemo1.ten1.avathatf1.owsoutofvo1.canoes.Butwe'resti1.1.notsurewhatthesourceoftheheatis.16Todayweregoingtopracticeeva1.uatingthemaintoo1.usedwhenaddressinggroupsthevoice.Therearethreemaine1.ementsthatcombinetocreateeitherapositiveornegativeexperiencefor1.isteners.Theycanresu1.tinavoicethatisp1.easingto1.istentoandcanbeusedeftective1.y.Ortheycancreateavoicethatdoesn'tho1.dattention,orevenworse,causesanadversereaction.Thethreee1.ementsarevo1.ume,pitch,andpace.Wheneva1.uatingvo1.ume,keepinmindthatagoodspeakerwi1.1.adjusttothesizeofboththeroomandtheaudience.Ofcourse,withanamp1.ifyingdevice1.ikeamicrophone,thespeakercanuseanatura1.tone.Butspeakersshou1.dnotbedependentonmicrophones:agoodspeakercanspeak1.oud1.ywithoutshouting.Theseconde1.ement,pitch,isre1.atedtothehighnessor1.ownessofthesounds.Highpi1.chesare.formostpeop1.e,moredifficu1.tto1.istento,soingenera1.speakersshou1.dusethe1.owerregistersoftheirvoice.Duringapresentation,it'simportanttovarypitchtosomeextentinordertomaintaininterest.Thethirde1.ement,pace,thatishowfastors1.owwordsandsoundsarearticu1.ated,shou1.da1.sobevaried.As1.owerpacecanbeusedtoemphasizeimportantpoints.Notethatthetimespentnotspeakingcanbemeaningfu1.,too.Pausesoughttobeusedtosigna1.transitionsorcreateanticipation.Becauseapausegivesthe1.i