Better Freshwater Fish Farming The Pond淡水鱼养殖.docx

BetterFreshwaterFishFarmingThePond淡水鱼养殖MICROFICHEREFERENCE1.1BE1,ARYAprojectofVolunteersinAsiaBy:FAOBetterFarmingSeriesPublishedby:FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsPublicationsDivisionViadelIeTermediCaracallaOOlOORomeITA1.YAvailablefrom:I"oodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsPublicationsDivisionViadelIeTermediCaracalla00100RomeITA1.YReproducedwithpermlssicn,Reproductionofthismicrofichedocumentinanyformissubjecttothesamerestrictionsasthoseoftheoriginaldocument.Din.,-.:BETTERFARMINGSERIESTwenty-ninetitleshavebeenpublishedinthisseries,designedashandbooksforagriculturaleducationandtraining.Theymaybepurchasedisasetorindividually.FIRSTYEAR1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.Theplant:thelivingplant;therootTheplant:thestem;thebuds;theleavesTheplant:theflowerThesoil:howthesoilismadeupThesoi1:howtoconservethesoilThesoi1:howtoimprovethesoi1CropfarmingAnimalhusbandry:feedingandcareofanimalsAnimalhusbandry:animaldiseases;howanimalsreproduceSECONDYEAK10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.ThefarmbusinesssurveyCattlebreedingSheepandgoatbreedingKeepingchickensFarmingwithanimalpowerCerealsRootsandtubersGrOUndnu?SBananasMarketgardeningUplandriceWctpaddyorswampriceCocoaCoffeeTheoi1palmTherubbertreeThemodcrhfarmbusinessFreshwaterfishfarming:howtobeginWater:wherewatercomesfromBetterfreshwaterfishfarming:thepondbetterfarmingseries29.afr1flthepondFOODANDAGRICU1.TUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONSRome1981FAOEconomicandSocialDevelopmentSeriesNo.3/29Firstprinting1981P-69ISBN92-5-101127-30FO1981TheFOBetterFarmingSeriesisessentialIybasedontheCowsClapprentissageagricolepreparedintheIvoryCoastbytheInstitutafricaindedeIoppcmenthconomiqueetso-cialforusebyextensionworkersincontactwithilliterateorsemi-1iteratefarmers.TheapproachisdeliberateIyageneralone,theintentionbeingtoconstitutebasicprototypeout-1ines,tobesupplementedineachareaaccordingtolocalconditionsofagriculture.Manyofthebookletsdealwithspecificcrops,WhiIeothers,suchasthisone,areintendedtogivethefarmerinformationconcerningthegeneralagriculturalcontext,andthustoallowhimtogainsomeunderstandingofwhyhedoeswhathedoessothathewillbeabletodoitbetter.Adaptationsoftheseries,orofindividualvolumesinit,havebeenpublished,amongothers,inAmharic,Arabic,Bengali,Creole,Hindi,!ga!a,Indonesian,Kiswahili,Ma!agasy,SiSwati-.-.-andTurkish.Thisimpressive1istissomeindicationofthesuccessandalsoofthevalueoftheseries.ThisvolumehasbeenpreparedbytheInlandWaterResourcesandAquacul-tureService,FisheryResourcesandEnvironmentDivisionoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUniledNations.RequestsforpermissiontoissuethismanualinotherIan-guagesandtoadaptitaccordingtolocalclimaticandecolog-icalconditionsarewelcomed.TheyshouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,PublicationsDivision,FoodandAgricultureOr-ganizationoftheUnitedNations,ViadelleTermediCaracalla,00100Rome,Italy.Improvingyourfarm3Planningabirpond*7heretoyourpond7ater7Place.9soli1011shouldyourpondbe?1BuildingabiggerpondI1.18Howtomakeyourolder18tobuildanew,biggerpon20inlet29outlet31tteroutlet34eoverflow35siphon38reens411PROVINGYOUR1.YouhavealreadybuiltthesmalponddescribedinBookletNo.27,Freshwaterfishfarming:howtobegin,andyouhavegrownmanyfishinit.2.YourfamilywouldIiketohavemorefishtoeat,andyouhavelearnedatthemarketthatyoucansellmorefishifyouhavethem.3.YouwouldliketogrowmorefishtoeatandtosellatthemarketsothatyouandyourfamiIycanlivebetter.Growingmorefishisimprovingyourfishfarm*.,.34.(oucanimproveyourfishfarmtlymakingyouroldpondbigger.Ifyouroldpondwas10byIOmetres,youcanmakeittwiceasbigbymovingsoImeofthebanks.YoucanmakeitIOIXitmetres.5.Youcanimproveyourfishfarmbybuildinganew,biggerfishpondeithernexttoyouroldpondorinanotherplace.Youcanimproveyourfishfarmbybuildingmorethanonepond.6.Butstartslowlyandcarefully.First,buildonlyonenewpond.Afteryouhavebuiltyourfirstbiggerpondandyouknowhowtouseittogrowmorefish,youcanbuildmorepondsandgrowfishal1yearround.7.Afteryouhavebuiltoneormorenew,biggerponds,youwillneedmorebabyfishthanyoudidbefore.Youmaydecidetogrowyourownbabyfishsothatyouwillhavethemwhenyouneedthem.8.Ihisisanotherwayofimprovingyourfishfarm.Youwi11learnmoreaboutitinBookletNo.30.9.Beforeyoubegintoimproveyourfishfarm,youmustbesurethat:youhaveenoughoftherightkindoflandyouhaveenoughgoodwaternearby'014andyourfamilyhaveenoughtimetoworkabiggerpondormoreponds.6P1.ANNINGABIGGERPONDWheretoputyourpond10.Ifyouroldpondwasintherightplaceandyouhaveenoughwaterandenoughgoodlandthere,youcanmakeyouroldpondbiggeroryoucanbuildoneormorenewpondsinthesameplace.11.Ifthereisnoroomornotenoughwaternearyouroldpond,youwillhavetochooseanotherplaceforyournewpond.Youmustchoosethenewplaceverycarefully.Water12.Yournewpondmustbenearagoodsupplyofwatersuchasaspring,stream,lakeorreservoirwithplentyofwaterallyearround.I713.Youmustbesurethatyouhaveenoughwatertofillyourpondwhenitistimetofillitandtoaddmorewaterwhenyouneedit.14.Donotdependonrain-watertofillyourpond.Whenitdoesnotrain,theremaynotbeenoughwatertokeepyourpondfullandthefishmaydie.15.Yourwatermustcomefromaplacethatishigherthanthepondsothatthewater16.Thewatershouldnothaveabadsmel1,tasteorcolour.Itshouldnotbetoomuddy.17.ThewatershouldnothaveWildfishinit.Youdonotwantwildfishinyourpondbecausetheymayeatyourfishorkeepthemfromgrowing.18.Waterfromanaturalspringclosetothepondsiteisusuallygoodandtherewillnotbewildfishinit.19.WaterfromastreamorfromalakeorreservoirisusualIygoodbutitmayhavewildfishinit.Youwi11havetobecarefulthatthewildfishdonotswimintoyourpond.Place20.Itisbesttoputapondinaplacewithaslopeoronahillsidebecauseyouwillnothavetodigasmuchsoiltobuildit.pondbuiltonaslopeisalsoeasiertodrain.21.Donotbuildyourpondinaplacethatissolowthatitisfloodedduringtherainyseason.922.Thesoilwhereyoubuildyourpondshouldnotbetoosandy.Soilwithtoomuchsandorgravelinitwillnotholdwater.23.Insandysoi1thewaterwillsinkintothegro?indandtherewillnotbeenoughwaterforyourfish.24.Ifthebanksofyourpondarebuiltofsandysoil,theywillnotbestrongenoughtokeepthewaterfromflowingaway.25.Thesoilwhereyoubuildyourpondshouldhaveenoughclayinit.Claysoilholdswaterverywe11.26.Inclaysoil,verylittlewaterwillsinkintotheground,andbanksofclaywillbestrongenoughtoholdthewaterinthepond.10Testingsoil27.Youshouldtestthesoi1toseeifitisgoodforbuildingapond.28.Thefirsttestiseasy.Takeahandfulofsoilfromthesurfaceandsqueezeitintoaball.29.Throwthebal1ofsoilintotheairandcatchit.30.Badsoi1withtoomuchsandorgravelinitwillnotsticktogetherandtheballwi11fallapart.31.Iftheballstickstogetherwell,thesoilmaybegoodbutyoucannotbesure.Nowyoushou1dmakeasecondtesttobesurethatthesoilisgood.11