专题05 阅读理解D篇（2024年新课标I卷） (专家评价+三年真题+满分策略+多维变式) 解析版.docx

2024年高考英语新课!示卷真题深度解析与考后提升专题05阅读理解D篇（新课标I卷）解析版（专家评价+全文翻译+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式）目录一.原题呈现P2二、答案解析P3三.专家评价P3四、全文翻译P4五.词汇变式P4（一）考纲词汇词形转换P4（二）考纲词汇识词知意P5（三）高瓶短语积少成多P5（四）阅读理解单句填空变式P6（五）长难句分析P7六、三年真题P7（一）2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P7（二）2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P9（=）2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P12七、满分策略（阅读理解说明文）P12八、阅读理解变式P14变式一：生物多样性研究、发现、进展6篇P14变式二：阅读理解D篇35三g变式（科普研究建议类）6篇P25何读理0DIl关词：说明文;人与社会;社会科学研究方法研究;生物多样性；科学探也神;科学索养InIhCracetodocumentthespeciesonFarthbeforethey火。extinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareofteninthefor11ofphot>s.videos,andocherdigitalrecords.Tl)oughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsin(henumberandarictyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhas(bundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect."Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication/'saidBamabasDam.whoisleadauthorof(hestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.,Theseobservationsnowoutnumhertheprimarydata(hatcomesfromPhySiCAlspecimens(标本),andsincewearcincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoKlobalchange.Iwarnedtoknow:AretheyUMtble?MUsingaglobaldatasetof1.9hillionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedh>wwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.oWewereparticularlyinterestedinexploring(heaspectsofSaInPIWgthattendtobi第(使有偏差data,likethegreaterIikelihOOdofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit*saidDaru.TheirstudyrevealedthatIhelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotlead(obetterglobalcove11ge.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogelobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.Whatcanwcdowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?itQuiteaIoIJDaruexplained."Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyrvsullstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces-andevenspecies-thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationof(heiruploadedimage.M32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?A.Theyarcbecomingoutdated.C.Theyarelimitedinnumber.33.WhatdoesDani,sstudyfocuson?A.threatenedspecies.C.Observationaldata.B.,hcyarcmostlyinelectronicfbrm.D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.B.Physicalspecimens.D.Mobileapplications.B.PoOrqualityofuploadedpictures.D.Inrvliabkdatacollectiondevices.34. Whathasledto(hebiasesaccordingtothestudy?A.Mistakesindataanalysis.C.Imp11>pcrwayofsampling.35. WrhatisDarn'ssuggestiontorbiodiversityapps?B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.A.Reviewdatafromcenainareas.C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers.IGiveguidancetocitizenscicniists.二答案解折【答案】32.B33.C34.C35.D【导语】本文是一说明文.文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多祥性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据.32. B/实第一mi二句Today,mostrecords«fbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphtn,Videos,andotherdigitalrer<K可知，现在大多数生物多样性的记录都是以照片、视频和其他电子形式存在的.33. C推理男（斯根据第二段第二句eThesvobservationsnow<>utnber”.Aretheyusable?”和第三段可如，DanI的研究重点是这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性.所以他的研究聚焦的是“样本数据”.34. C推理判断根据第四段中的Iikethegreaterlikelihoodscientist.rightnexttoit和第五段可知，收集生物枭样IHe的人，对于采样区域、采样时段以及采样物种的选IMr一定的主观性，这些不当的采样方式会导致收集到的数据产生偏差.35. D推理残断IMWBM一段可知，DarU认为bindiVerSiDjps可以IMl研究结果引导采样人员关注样本采集不足的地区和他相血他们让专家认上传样本图片中的物种名称.因此，DarubiodiversityHPPS供蛤采样人员一些指导意见.三寿家评价考查关健能力，促迸思维品质发展2024年高考英语全国卷继续加强内容和形式创新，优化试题设问角度和方式，增强试题的开放性和灵活性，引导学生进行独立.思.考和判断，培养逻辑思维能力、批判思维能力和创新思维能力。新课标I卷阅读D篇选取的语篇探究生物样本数据的可用性，指出实证研究发现的问题并提出提商数据质量的措施，试即循若“了解现状一聚焦问题一分析原因一提出建议”的逻辑进行设计，考查学生时每个环节关键内容的准确理解，引导学生培养科学探究精神，提升发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力。2024年新课标I卷完形填空通过细腻的个人经历叙述，不仅促使学生深刻反思个人目标设定的主观性和个体间差异，还微妙地引导他们在遭遇挑战之际，学会灵活调整策略，培养积极向上的思维模式,以更好地适应个人成长与社会变迁的需求。尤为重要的是，文中作者最终达成的“不百从、不跟风”的认知结论，鲜明地彰显了命题人旨在培养新一代吉年学子独立思考、理性判断的教仔导向，鼓励他们在多元化信息时代中坚守自我，坚持走自己的路.【中国考试教育部敢育考试院】四全文耽在地球上物种灭绝曲的记录竞奏中,研究人员和公民科学家收篥r数十亿份记录.如今,大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。尽管它们有助于检测一个地区物种数量和种类的变化，但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这种类型的记录并不完美，“+随若技术的兴起，人们很容易借助移动应用程序对不同物种进行观察该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授Banwbas-Dani说.“这些观测结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，由于我们越来理多地使用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道:它们可用吗？"DarU和他的团队使用19亿份植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，刈试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式.DarU说:“我们特别那兴趣的是探索采样中容易对数据产生偏差的方面，比如市民科学家拍摄开花植物照片的可能性更大，而不是旁边的草他们的研究表明，大量仅观察记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖率.此外.这些数据是有偏见的,有利于某线地区、时间段和物种。这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得生物多样性观溺数据的人往往是记录他们在附近地区与物种相遇的市民科学家.这些数据也偏向于某些具有吸引力或引人注目特征的物种.我们能如何处理不完善的生物多样性数据维？“相当多J达玲解择道。“生物多样性应用程序Ur以利用我们的研究结果告知用户过度来样的区域，并将他们带到采样不好的地方，共至物种。为了提高观测数据的质中，生物多样性软件还可以鼓励用户让专家确认上传图像的身份J五询汇变式一、考纲词汇词形转换1. observeVI观察"l>vc11i<m11观察(ObSerVle+aion):2. observationn观察一<>berati<maladi观察的(Obscrvalion+-al”3. usevl可用一sableadiUI用的.适用的(USe+ablc)：4. samplev(取样TNImDHIu1.n(选取的有代衣性的样本(SalnP心+ing):5. Iikcly砌可能的一幽幽史”n可能性)(likely÷h<xi):6. !lowerVl开花CrinKddi开花的，有花的(lower+ing)：7. coverVl¾-coe11ecn粒E范田(cover+-age>；8. perfectadj先奖的一imnerfevtadj不完美的(im+per侬9. sampledadj被采样的一Cveniampledadj过度采样的(over-+sample+-cd>sIOJdeiNifyVl辨认，识别idEifkali<mn身份(idenify+icaikm);11. uploadvl上彳'-unh¾(kdadj已上传的<upl<l÷-cd)：12. outdatcvt便过时一oiitdatedM过时的(out-+date+-cd)：13. IhnjaienedVlhK-*Ihrrjitenedadj受到威胁的，感到危险的Ghreaien+ed)；14. properadj适当的一jflWgBgadj不当的.错误的(in>+proper)：15. reliableadj.可力:的-umliabh?adj不可靠的<un-+reliable)：16. guidevl.fit-uidanccn指导(guide+-ancc)第殂：高频单词I.document±I学术词记录，记新：2.detect3.shiftnI学术词I改交:4.variety“多建住；5.application程序（缰写为回应：6.primaryadj1学术词I原始的，初的;7.investigate、学术需先:8.revealvl¾l示:9.favor、JHI向于:10.deviceM学术耀1善;U.encounterM学术词相遇：12.featurenI学术词I0征第.ia.i低频单词13.dataset11JftIR集(datact):14.cyc-catchingadj抵的.引人注目的eve+catch15.well-sampledadj充分采样的(MeIl*simple÷ed)16.biodiversity立生物多提性（hk>diverSid17.humanity11Jtt三ftl18.outnumberV比多;19.mobileadj.移动的20.bias三,高频短语积少成多I.goextinct楂2.citizenscientist民间科学3.intheformof以的涔式I4.wih(heriseof着”的兴起:5.withtheaidof借助于”16.leadauthor7.assistantpfessor8.respondto对作出反应I9.tend(odosth于做某Ih10.makesenseiMtJaHk,11.infonnsbofsth告知某人某事I12.beIimilcdinnumber数jt有限13.lead(o二、考纲词汇识词知意+.inn四、核心考点单句填空1. Intherace(documeni)thespeciesonEartlibeforetheygoextiwc.researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsof(record).2. Today,mostrecordsofbiodi、CrSiIyareofteninformof(photo),videos,and(xherdigitalrecords.3. Thoughtheyareusefulfor(delect)shiftsinthenumberand(varj,)ofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.4. "theriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeople(make)observationsofdifferentspeciestheaidofamobileapplioition/*saidBarnabasDam.isleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.5. TheseobservationsnowoutnumberlheprimarydataComeSfromphysicalspecimens(标本).6. Andsinceweare(increasing)using(observation)dataioinvestigatehowspeciesarcrespondingglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Arctheyusable?7. (use)aglobaldalaxetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,DaruandhisteamtestedhowwellIliesedatarere洸niactualglobalbiodiversi(ypatterns.8. mWcwere(particular)interestedinexploring(heaspectsofsamplingthattendiobias(使有偏楚)dala,thegreaterlikcliho<iofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadof(hegrassrightnexttoit/'saidDaru.9. Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidno<leadtobeuerglobal(cover).10. Moreover,thesedataarebiasedfavorcertainregions,(ineperiods,andspecies.11. This(make)sensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesarcoftencitizenscientists(record)theircncountcnwithspeciesinareasnearby.12. Tliesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswith(auract)oreye-catchingfeatures.13. canWedowiththe(perfect)da<ase<sofbiodiversity4?14. wQuitcaCDarUexplained."Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresults(inform)usersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces-andevenspecies-arenotwell-sampled.*'15. (improve)lhequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappsCanalsoencourageusers(have)anexpertconfirmthe(identify)oftheiruploadedimage.【)考答案】1. todocument,records2.the,photos3detecting,variety4.With,tomake,¼ith,she5.that/which6.increasingly,observational,to7.Using8.particularly,like9,coverage10.and11.makes,recording12.attractive13.What,imperfect14.toinform,that,whichIS.,l<>impmve,tohave,identification五、长难句分析2. TheseObservaliimsnowoutnumberlheprimarydatalhalcomesfromphysicalspecimens,andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldata(oinvestigatehowspeciesanjresponding(oglobalchange.Iwanted(oknow:Arctheyusable?译】现在，这筑观察结果的数超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，而由于我们越来It多地使用观察效据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观案数据可靠吗？【分析】本句是一个并列句，前半句中的th;“作关系代谓引导定他从句，修饰先行词theprimarydata,后半句中的、incc引导原因状语从句，hu“引导宾语从句作in、CMipllC的宾语.3. Usingaglobaldatase<of1.9billionrecordsofPIanls.insects,birds,andaninuds.DaniandhisteamIeJedhowwellthesetarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.【译】Daru和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，募试这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式.【分析】UsingaRlohaldataset_为分词短语作状语，h<>”引导宾语从句作test的宾语.4. l*hismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetObscnationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesarcoftencitizenscie11(istsrecording(heirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.fl这是有道理的，因为民间科学家经常通过移动段冬获取生物多样性观察敷据，他的记录的是在附近地区接触到的物种【分析】IHyIUSC引导原因状语从句who引导定谙从句修饰先行词IhePCuPiJrecording.nearby为分词短语作后定语,做citlienscientists*六三年"2023年新课标I卷阅读理解I)«OnMarch7,1907,(heEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascomecobeknownasthefc,wisdmofcrowds*effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomeeases,theaverageofaIargenumberofilependenestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseflbetcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.WhenenoughoftheseCrrorSarcaveragedtogether,theycaeleachotherouc.resultinginaInOfeaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilaral(endomake(besameerrors,thentheirerrorswon*tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedordq>cndcnt.theaccuracyofIhcCSlinuiluwillgdown.ButanewstudyledbyJoiiquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwiston(hisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedt«haveadiscussion,theaveragesfromIhesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageolxainedfrom(heestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassigniflc<Hymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafo!k>w-upstudywith100unive11iilySlIKknIs.theresearcherstriedtogetabeltersenseofWhdl(hegroupnembesactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didthey(endogowith(hoseInoSiconfidentaboutheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?ThiShappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominantresponse.M>stfrequently,thegroupsreportedIhaIthey"sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether/,Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.Akbough(bestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsmanyquestionsrcnwinIhcpotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingarcenormous.12. Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?B.Theunderlyinglogicof(heeffect.A.The11llxlsofestimation.C.Thecausesofpeopleserrors.D.ThedesignofGahonsexperiment.13. Navajas'studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif.A.lhecrowdswererelalivelysmallC.individualsdidno<comnunica(e14.Whatdid(hefollow-ups<udyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.C.Thediscussionprocess.BtherewereoccasionalUndereMimalesD.esiinuueswereno<fullyilependenB.Thedominantmembers.D.TbeiIKlividuaIestimates.15. Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas'studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.【答案】11B13.D14.C15.DIM4rl【导语】本文是说明文没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了,体智.效JS实3表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准说的.12«主大根据第二段内容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaystheane.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andcometounderestimate.WhenenoughoftheseCrrUearcaventgedtogether,theycanedeachotherout.resultinginamoreaccu11tcestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomake(hesameerrors,thenIhvirerrorswon'tcanvvleachotherout.Inmoretechnicaltermsthekdnmofcrowdsrequiresthatpenpleestimatesbeindependent.Iffbrwhateverreasons,peopleserrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewill&odown.(这料效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯情误时，这些幡谀并不总是相同的.有些人常常会高估，或者低估.当这些谀差中有足多的谀差被平均在一起时，它的会相互抵消，从而产生更准的估计.如果相似的人修向于犯同样的塌，那么他的的Hft不会相互衽满.从更等业的角度来说，骅众的看要求人们的估计是独立的.如果由于任何原因,人们的脩谀交将相关依犊，估计的港於性就会下降.广可知，本段Ii述了人<所犯的Il误不总是相同的,各不相同的误差平均在一起,相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的¥均如何由于次差的消除而导致更准确的覆.因此本及主昙解算了F体智“效应这一现象的茶本耽.故逸B.3mUV.根据第二段的“Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeikpemkntJ从更专业的角度来说，骅众的智要求人们的估计是独立的)，、和第三段的“Thekc)finding(>thestudywasthatMhCnCrUWdSwereurthcrdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallocdtohaveadiscussion,(heave11tgesfr(»mthesegroupsweremoreaccurateIhHnthosefromanequalmnbtrofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassigni11cantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindhiduak(这项研究的知发现是，当人弹枪进一步力分为允许进行忖论的小但时，这些小Ia的平均值比同等效木的独立个体的平均值更准例如，从四个五人讨施的估计中M的平均值明星比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准现.广可知，人G在没有独立的情况下，分成更小骅体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的.故选D.14 .推理判断MuR第四段的“Inafollow-upstudywithI（三）universitystudents,theresearcherstriedSUetabettersenseofwhattheroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogoiththosemostconfidentalx>u(theirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?(在一项针对KH)名大学生的后候研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小Ifi成员在讨婚中的实际行为.他们是否修向于逸邦那些对自己的估计有信心的人，他的造那些量不JE套改变主意的人吗？可如，在后装研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小Ifl成员在讨论中实际做了什么.结合两个向,因此可知后犊研究的点是小组内的讨论过程.故逸c15 .推理其斯根据后一段内容fAlthmighthestudiesledhyINavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingarcCrH>rm<心(尽管Navajas导的研究有局限性仍存在许多向JS.但对小蛆讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的广可知，作者认为虽然Navajas导的研究有局限性也存在许多问,但对小蛆讨论和决策的漕在影看巨大.因此推断作者对于NaVaj班的研究表示一定的赞许和支持ttttl)e2022年新课标I卷阅读理解I)*Aswcage.evenifwc'rchealthy,theheartjustisn'tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.ndamongpeoplewhodon,lexercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.,Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken.*saysDr.Bcn1.evine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That'swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunaielyforthoseinmidlife.1.evineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven'tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.1.evineandhisresearchICamselectedvolunteersagedbelween45and64whodidno<CXCrUiSCmuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedinto<wogroups.Thefirstguppa