热点03科学新知及自然世界(阅读理解之首字母填空题)(解析版).docx
热点03科学新知及自然世界阅读理解之首字母填空题中考英语首字母填空题命题主要考查学生根据特定的语境和所给提示的首字母写出正确的单词的能备考策略力,集理解、语言知识和单词拼写等要求于一体,要求学生在理解语言意义的基础上,关注语言形式。话题涉及人文历史、健康生活、社会生活等。首字母填空的语料是大多以叙事为主,旅行、吃饭、人际关系、个人经历等这类主题,贴近学生生活,易于理解。考查重点是名词、动词、形容词、副词和代词这几大词类。近十年上海中考首字母填空所选词,请见下表:上海近十年首字母填空所选词abroadearthhungryphotoscrt(s)areasilyimpossiblephotographAnotherelseincludedPhysicalseldomanythingnvironmentinformationpictureseriousboatEveryoneInsteadplanspecialbuyexpensiveinvitedPbn(三)stepchangefamousjoypoorstillcheapfeelkitchenprefersubjectschildrenfewlivprovesuddenlycomfortablefirstluckyqutterriblecomplainedf0r9etmeaningrealizetopcompletelyfullmonyreasontripcyclinghardlymoverepairvanousdiedholidayneedr<suh(s)Visitingdrinkhonftoftenriding3迢季生父级如也artyhouseworkovrsafeA重难诠释-I解题能力掌握首字母填空的解题方法,熟悉不同的文体特征,了解首字母填空的命题思路,以不变应万变语言能力熟悉考纲高频词和常见的短语搭配,扩大词汇量,巩固语法知识,提升综合运用词汇和语法的能力阅读能力做题的同时,增加阅读量和阅读速度,提高快速理解文本的能力文化素养通过阅读,进一步了解英美文化和历史,提升文化素养,开拓国际视野【应试技巧】Ol速读全文,定词性读全文:首字母答题的第一步,也是很多学生忽略的一步就是速读全文。了解文章基本大意和作者的写作意图,同时在阅读的过程中把每个空的词性判断出来,然后进入下一步。02寻找线索,定词义划重点首字母填空每题一定有解题线索!要不是你没找到,要不然是出卷人水平不行。很明显,前者概率更大。关注到表达逻辑关系的词汇,毫不夸张地说“得逻辑关系词者,得首字母的天下逻辑关系词的重要性不言而喻。转折逻辑:but,however,instead,举例逻辑:forexample,suchas,like,including.因果逻辑:because,sothat,so,asareasult,that'swhy,inorderto,to指代逻辑:this,that,these,it.03全文复查,定词形定词曲_这一步较为通俗易懂,即学生首次完成后,要再通读下文章,确认所填词的词形是否有误。典型的错误有如下几点:名词单复数;形容词副词的前后缀、比较级与最高级;动词时态、动名词,todo不定式等。重难通关练一、ReadthepassageandfillintheblankswithproperWOrdS(在短文的空格内填入适当的词,使其内容通顺,每空格限填一词,首字母已给):Storingdata(数据)hasbecomemoreconvenient.Thirtyyearsago,peoplehadtodependonfloppydisks(软磁盘).N,allwehavetodoishitthe"Save"buttononourscreens.Thefileswillthenbestoredinthe“cloud."Itseemsthatwewillneverrunoutofspace.Isn,tthatgreat?Infact,however,thestoragespacewenowhaveisnotc2enough.Everyday,4.5billioninternetuserscreateaLARGEamountofdata.By2025,theamountofdataworldwidewillhaver3175zettabytes(1ZB=1012GB).Clearly,wecan,tcovereverypieceoflandontheplanetwithdatacenters.Sowherecanwestoreallofthisdata?Fortunately,someresearchershavebeenworkingonnewstoragetechnologies.OneofthesetechnologiesisDNAstorage.DNAstoragesoundsfuturist,butinsomeways,it'sjusttheopposite.B4computerswereinvented,naturehadbeenusingDNAtostoreinformation.In2012,researchersatHa,ardUniversitywroteabook,11picturesandacomputerprogramintohumanDNA.EachgramofDNAcanhold2.2petabytes(PB.ofinformation(1ZB=1,048,576PB.IfDNAiskeptintherightcondition,itcankeepthestoredinformations5foramillionyears.Therearestillp6withusingDNAfordatastorage.Forexample,ittakeslotsoftimetowriteintoandreadfromDNA.Scientistsaretryingtoi7thistechnology.Wewillhavetowaittoseehowtheireffortspayoffinthefuture.【答案】1(N)OWaCIayS2.(c)lose3.(r)eached4.(B)efore5.(s)afe6.(p)roblems7.(i)mprove【导语】本文是一篇说明文。随着电脑数据不断增长,储存数据的难度增加,以及DNA技术来储存数据存在的问题。1 .句意:如今,我们所要做的就是点击屏幕上的“保存”按钮。ISlSfcvThirtyyearsago,peoplehadtodependonfloppydisks(软磁盘).“以及“allwehavetodoishitthe'Save'buttononourSCreenS.”几首字母提示可知,此处说的是现如今的情况,nowadays“如今”,是副词,故填(N)OWadays。2 .句意:然而,事实上,我们现在拥有的存储空间还不够紧密。根据“Everyday,4.5billioninternetuserscreateaLARGEamountofdata.By2025,theamountofdataworldwidewillhave.175zettabytes(1ZB=1012GB).”及首字母提示可知,现在拥有的存储空间还不够紧密,此处用形容词Ck)Se,故填(C)IOSe03 .句意:到2025年,全球数据量将达到175ZB(IZB=1012GB)0根据'ttheamountofdataworldwidewillhave.175Zettabytes”及首字母提示可知,此处指的是reach“达到”,介绍过去的事情,动词用过去式,故填(r)eachedo4 .句意:在计算机发明之前,大自然一直在使用DNA来存储信息。fi44computerswereinvented,naturehadbeenusingDNAtostoreinfbrmation.”及首字母提示可知,此处指的是计算机发明之前,befbre“在之前”,位于句首的单词首字母要大写,故填(B)efore05 .句意:如果DNA保存在合适的条件下,它可以将存储的信息安全保存100万年。根据"IfDNAiskeptintherightcondition,itcankeepthestoredinformation.foramillionyears.”及首字母提示可知,此处指的是Safe“安全的”,此处是“keepslh+ad厂的结构,故填Safeo6 .句意:使用DNA进行数据存储仍然存在问题。根据首字母提示及“Forexample,ittakeslotsoflimetowriteintoandreadGomDNA.''可知,此处指的是“有问题'',PrOblem“问题”,结合“Thereare”可知,此处名词用复数形式,故填(problems。7 .句意:科学家们正在努力改进这项技术。根据“Scienlislsaretryinglo.lhistechnology.Wewillhavetowaittoseehowtheireftbrtspayoffinthefuture.”及首字母提示可知,此处说的是技术正在改进中,improve“提升”,空前有to,此处动词用原形,故填(i)mprove。二、Fillintheblankswithproperwords(在短文的空格内填入适当的词,使其内容通顺。每空格限填一词,首字母已给)WhatisTechnology?Technologyistheapplication(应用)ofknowledgetoproduction.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,wecanenjoytheconvenienceoflife.Wehavebeenabletoincreasegreatlytheefficiencyofourworkbecauseofm8technology.FormostofusinAmerica,technologyisthoughtofasthereasonwhywecanhavecarsandtelevisionsets.However,technologyhasalsoincreasedtheamountoffda9tousbymeansofgoodfarmingmachineryandanimalbreedingtechniques,andhasextendedourlifespan(寿命).Soitraisesaquestion.Willhumanbeingscontinuetolivelongerandhaveahigherqualityoflife?Theanswerdependsontechnologyandourabilitytouseitw10Ifwekeepmakingprogressaswehaveoverthepastfiftyyears,theanswerisdefinitelyyes.Theimprovementintechnologydependsuponresearchandd11andthelateststatistics(统计)showthattheUnitedStatesiscontinuingtospendbillionsofdollarseveryyearonsuche12Sowhilewearerunningoutofsomescarceresources,wemayfindtechnologicalsubstitutes(代用品)formanyofthemthroughourresearchprogrammes.Actually,whenweneednewskillsontechniquesinmedicine,peoplewillstartdevelopingnewtechnologytomeetthoseneeds.PeoplewillworktogethertodesignnewproductstoS13somedifficultproblems.Whenequipmentprovestobesloworinefficient,newmachineswillbei14inresponsetoit.【答案】8.(m)odem9.(a)vailable10.(w)idely11.(development12.(e)ffbrts13.(s)olve14. (i)nvented【导语】本文是篇说明文,主要讲述技术的发明创造、应用与作用。8 .句意:由于现代技术,我们已经能够很大程度提高工作效率。根据“increasegreatlytheefficiencyofourworkbecauseof.technology”以及首字母可知,提高工作效率应是因为现代科技,modem"现代的”符合语境,形容词作定语。故填(m)odern。9 .句意:然而,通过良好的农业机械和动物育种技术,技术也增加了我们可获得的食物数量。根据“technologyhasalsoincreasedtheamountoffood.tous”以及首字母可知,应是技术增加了我们可获得的食物数量,available”可获得的"符合语境。故填(a)vailable010 .句意:答案取决于技术和我们广泛使用技术的能力。空处应填副词修饰动词use,根据“Theanswerdependsontechnologyandourabilitytouseil.”以及首字母可知,此处指广泛运用,Widelyt'广泛地”符合语境。故填(w)idely011 .句意:技术的进步依赖于研究和发展。and连接两个并列成分,结合research可知,空处也应用名词;根据"Theimprovementintechnologydependsuponresearch'以及首字母可知,技术的进步是要依赖于发展的,deVelopmenl“发展”,不可数名词。故填(development。12 .句意:最新的统计数据显示,美国每年仍在这方面投入数十亿美元。SUCh修饰名词;根据“thelateststatisticsshowthattheUnitedStatesiscontinuingtospendbillionsofdollarseveryyear”以及首字母可知,此处指美国方面的努力,effort“努力”,可数名词,所以此处应用复数。故填(e)fTorts.13 .句意:人们会一起工作,设计新产品,以解决一些难题。根据"somediMCUlIPrObIemS”以及首字母可知,应是解决问题,solve“解决”,不定式符号。后应用动词原形。故填(三)OIVe。14 .句意:当设备运行慢或者低效的时候,为解决这个问题,新的机器会被发明出来。根据“WhenequipmentProVeSlobeSk)WorineffiCiem”可知,此处指发明新机器,invent”发明”,且“机器是被发明“,所以用被动语态,空处应用过去分词。故填(i)nvenied。三、Readthepassageand11llintheblankswithproperWordS(在短文的空格内填入适当的词,使其内容通顺,每空格限填一词,首字母已给):MaryAnning:TheFossilHunterAsafossil(化石)scientist,MaryAnning(17001847)madegreatcontributions(贡献)toherfieldinthe19thcentury.HernameisnowwidelyknowninBritainandevenEurope.Butthatwasnotalwaysthecase.Anningwasatalentedwoman.ShewasbominapoorfamilyinLymeRegis,Britain.Shedidnotreceiveanypropereducationandhadtoteachh15geology(地质学)andpaleontology(古生物学).Anninggrewupbythesea.Atayoungage,sheshowedgreatinterestinstudyingthefossilsalongthecoastline.Anningworkedveryhard.Shewentoutinallweatherstosearchforfossils.Attheageof12,sheuncoveredaskeletonthatlookedlikeacrocodile.Then,aftertenyearsoftirelesse16shemadeanamazingdiscovery.Itwasahugefossilofsomethingthattheworldhadneverseenbefore.However,manyofAnning,sfindingsd17withthewidelyacceptedtheories(理论)atthattime.Somostofthescientistsdidn'tbelieveorrecognizethevalueofherfindings.What'smore,inthatperiod,peopleS18respectedwomen.Anning,sfindingswereevenpublishedwithouthername.Duringherlifetime,thewomanwasneverS19consideredtobeascientist.Butsuchtroublesdidn,tstopAnningfrommakingmorediscoveries.Thewomanwasstillkeenonstudyingv20sizesandtypesoffossilsalongsidethesea.Someofthemwereaslargeasahugerockwhileothersweresmallerthananegg.Until1829,shecarefullyuncoveredaskeletonofafossilfishwhichmadeherknownamongfirst-classscientists.Herdiscoverieshelpedtostudysomeextinct(已灭绝的)animals.TheyformedthebasisforCharlesDarwin,sOntheOriginofSpecies(物种起源).Inrecentyears,moreandmorepeoplehavecometorealizetheimportanceofAnning,swork.SheisnowlistedamongthetoptenBritishwomenwhohavegreatlya21thehistoryofscience.Anningwasanambitiousandhard-workingwomaninhistory.Shedeservestoberemembered.【答案】15.(h)erself16.(e)xplorations17.(d)ifTered18.(s)eldom19.(s)eriously20.(v)arious21.(a)ftected【导语】本文介绍了英国女性科学家化石猎人玛丽安宁的科学研究经历。15 .句意:她没有接受任何真正的教育,只能自学地质学和古生物学。根据"Shedidnotreceiveanypropereducation”可知,她没有接受任何真正的教育,因此她只能自学。IeaChoneSeIfSIh意为“自学某物”,主语为She,首字母为h,因此应填入反身代词herself。故填(h)erself。16 .句意:然后,经过十年的不懈探索,她有了一个惊人的发现。根据上文“Shewentoutinal)weatherstosearchforfossils.Attheageof12,sheuncoveredaskeletonthatlookedlikeaCrOCOdile.”和首字母e可知,"寻找化石"和“发现像鳄鱼的骨架'都是安宁在探索,形容词tireless应是修饰名词exploration”探索”,此处应用其复数形式explorationso故填(e)xploraIionSo17 .句意:然而,安宁的许多发现与当时被广泛接受的理论不同。根据下一句"Somostofthescientistsdidn'tbelieveorrecognizethevalueofherfindings.“可知,大多数科学家不相信或不认可她的发现的价值,说明她的发现与当时的科学家们的理论不同,根据和首字母d,可知动词短语differfrom表示“与不同”,该句应用一般过去时,动词differ的过去式为differed。故填(d)iffered。18 .句意:而且,在那个时期,人们极少尊重女性。根据下4tAnning,sfindingswereevenpublishedwithouthername.”和首字母s,可知她的发现甚至没有被冠上她的名字就被发布,说明此处应用频度副词SeIdOm来表示当时人们对女性的不尊重。故填(s)eldom°19 .句意:在她的一生中,这位女士从未被认真地认为是一位科学家。根据上文“Whatsmore,inIhatperiod,people.respectedwomen.Anning,sfindingswereevenpublishedwithouthername.”可知,在她所在的时代,女性不被尊重,女性的科学研究不被认可,由此可知,她也从未被认真地认为是一位科学家。结合首字母s,此处应用副词seriously修饰动词considered。故填(seriously。20 .句意:这位女士仍然热衷于研究海边各种大小和类型的化石。根据"sludying.sizesandtypesofCssils''及首字母V可知,此处指研究各种大小和类型的化石,应用形容词VariOUS”各种各样的”来修饰名词sizesandtypesoffossilso故填(v)arious。21 .句意:她现在被列为对科学史产生重大影响的十大英国女性之一。根据“have”可知后接动词的过去分词构成现在完成时:根据上文“Herdiscoverieshelpedtostudysomeextinct(已灭绝的)animals.TheyformedthebasisforCharlesDarwin,sOntheOriginofSpecies(物种起源).“和首字母a可知,她影响科学史,此处应填入动词affect”影响"的过去分词affectedo故填(a)ffeced0四、ReadthepassageandfillintheblankswithproperWordS(在短文的空格内填入适当的词,使其内容通顺,每空格限填一词,首字母已给):Cellphoneshavebecomeoneofthemostusefuldevicesinthepasthalfcentury.Thefirstcellphonehadonlyoneuse-callingsomeone.Today'ssmart-phonesarereallyminicomputersthatallowuserstodomanythingsatonce.Peoplecansendt22andemails,listentomusic,takepicturesandvideos,andfindinfoationonline.Cellphonesareperfectforlearninginschool.Forexample,studentscanfindinformationontheInternet,s23mathproblemsandsharenotes.Theycanusecalendarsandalansforremindersabouthomework,projects,andtests.Theycanevenshareideasonsocialmedia.Someschoolsdon'tallowcellphonesb24theythinkthephonescandistractstudentsfromtheirwork.Someteachersworrythatstudentswon,tpayattentionandwillneedtoberemindedtoputdowntheirphones.Theyalsoworrythatstudentswillspendlunchesandrecessplayinggamesorusingsocialmedia.Kidscouldmissoutonqualitytimespentwithfriends.Teachersandparentsalsoworryaboutstudentsusingphonestocheatontestsorbullyothers.Cheatingisunfairanddoesnothelpstudentsleam.Bullyingh25classmates.Studiesshowthatyoungerstudentsaremorelikelytobebullediftheyhavecellphones.However,researchershavefoundthatmostparentsandteacherswantstudentstohavephones.Itisimportantforparentsandchildrentobeabletokeepintouch.TeacherslikeusingphonesduringlessonsbecausestudentsaremoreinterestedandpayC26attention.Manyteachersfeelthatthebenefitsoutweightheproblemsifstudentslearntousethecellphonesc27.Teachersandparentscanteachkidstousecellphonesinasafewaythathelpsthemlearnnewthings.Inclass,phonesshouldbeS28andusedonlyforlessons.Studentsshouldalsotracktimespentontheirphonesandavoidusingthemtoomuch.Studentsshouldbeallowedtousecellphonesinschool.Settinggoodgroundrulescanimprovelearningforeveryone.【答案】22.(t)exts23.(s)olve24.(b)ecause25.(h)urts26.(c)loser27.(C)OITeCUy28.(s)tored【导语】本文主要讨论了应不应该让学生在学校使用智能手机的问题。22 .句意:人们可以发送短信和电子邮件,听音乐,拍照和视频,并在网上查找信息。根据"Peoplecansend.andemails”及首字母和常识可知,手机可以发短信,text“短信”,此处应用复数形式,与emails形成并列关系,故填exts。23 .句意:例如,学生可以在互联网上找到信息,解决数学问题和分享笔记。根据“mathproblems”及首字母可知,应是解决问题,SolVe"解决”,此处与"findinformalion”是并列关系,所以用动词原形,故填(三)OlVe。24 .句意:一些学校不允许学生使用手机,因为他们认为手机会分散学生的学习注意力。空后“heyIhinkthephonescandistractstudentsfromtheirwork他们认为手机会分散学生的注意力''是空前“不允许学生使用手机”的原因,所以应用because引导原因状语从句,故填(b)ecause25 .句意:欺凌会伤害同学。根据“Bullying.classmates”及首字母和常识可知,欺凌会使学生收到伤害,hurt“使受伤”,时态是一般现在时,主语是动名词,谓语动词用三单形式,故填(h)urts.26 .句意:老师们喜欢在课堂上使用手机,因为学生们更感兴趣,注意力也更集中。空处应填形容词作定语修饰名词aiteniion。根据“moreinterestedandpay.altenlion”及首字母可知,感兴趣的话,注意力也会更集中,paycloseallenlion“集中注意力”,由“moreinterested”可知,空处应用CIOSe的比较级ClOSer,故填(C)IoSer。27.句意:许多老师认为,如果学生学会正确使用手机,利会大于弊.。根据“thebenefitsouhveightheproblems”及首字母可知,应是说正确使用手机的话,会利大于弊,空处应填副词CorreCHy“正确地”修饰动词use,故填(C)OrreCuy。28 .句意:在课堂上,手机应该储存起来,只用于功课。根据"phonesshouldbe.andusedonlytbrlessons”及首字母可知,应是上课时,手机应被存放起来,store“存放",shouldbe后应跟过去分词构成被动语态,故填(三)Iored。五、ReadthepassageandfillintheblankswithProPerWOrdS.(首字母填空,每空格限填一词,首字母已给)NewYorkCity'spolicedepartment(NYPD)hasdecidedtoreturnarobotdog.Thoughtherobotworkedwell,itupsetmanypeople.Somethoughtitwastcreepy(吓人的)”.OthersW29thatitwouldinvade(侵犯)theirprivacy.Spotisadog-shapedrobotbuiltbyatechcompany.Therobothasfourlegs,soevenonroughgrounditcanmovee30Insteadofahead,therobothasacamera.Italsohasamicrophoneandaspeaker,andpeoplecancontrolitfromadistance.InDecember,2020,theNYPDannounced(宣布)thatitwouldbeginusingaspecialversionofSpot.Theirrobotwaspaintedblue.Ithasaspecialcameratoallowitto“see"everythingonallsidesofit.Theycalledtheirversion“Digidog”.TherobotcosttheNYPDabout$94,000.Thatmayseemlikealotofmoney,butit'scheapforarobot.WhenitannouncedDigidog,theNYPDsaid,“Thisdogisgoingtosavelives,protectpeople,andprotectofficers,andthat,sourg31.,Theysoonfoundoutthatnoteveryonewasexcitedabouttherobotastheywere.AftertherobotwasbroughttoanemergencycallinFebruary,avideoofitwassharedw32andupsetalotofpeople.Manypeoplewereconcernedthatthepolicewereusinganelectronicdogforspying(暗中监视).Othersfeltlikeitwaswrongforthepolicetospendmoneyonmachines.TheyshouldfocusonD33.Formanypeople,theconcernwasn'tjustaboutthisrobotdog,butaboutwhatfuturepolicerobotsmightlooklike.Forexample,theyfearedthatthepolicemightusearobotthatcouldcontrolitso34movements,oronethatcarriedweapons.Whenthedogwasuseda35inlateApril,2021,anothervideowassharedontheInternet.Manypeoplewerestillupset.Asaresultofthestrongpublicreaction,theNYPDdecidedtogetridofDigidog,andtoretumhimtothetechcompany.【答案】29.(w)orried30.(e)asily31.(g)oal32.(w)idely33.(p)eople34.(o)wn35.(a)gain【导语】本文讲述了纽约市警察局因为使用机器人狗给人们带来的担忧和恐慌,最终他们决定把机器人狗归还到科技公司。29 .句意:其他人则担心这会侵犯他们的隐私。根据前文“itupsetmanypeople”可知,这里表示其他人“担心”会侵犯他们的隐私,是般过去时。故填(W)Orried。30 .句意:这个机器人有四条腿,所以即使在粗糙的地面上它也能很容易地移动。根据前文"herobothasfourlegs”可知,它可以非常“轻松地”移动,修饰动词move,用副词形式。故填(e)asily。31 .句意:这只狗将拯救生命,保护人民,保护官员,这是我们的目标。结合首字母及句意可知,拯救生命,保护人民,保护军官是我们买这个机器人狗的“目的”,有空前Iha-S可知,这里是单数。故填(g)oal。32 .句意:今年2月,这个机器人被带到一个紧急呼叫中心后,它的视频被广泛分享,并让很多人感到不安。根据后文“andupsetaIoIOfPeoPle”可知,这个视频被“广泛”分享,用来修饰动词Shared,所以是副词。故填(w)idely。33 .句意:他们应该以人为本。这里和前文“onmachines”相对应,所以指的是关注“人故填(p)eople。34 .句意:例如,他们担心警察可能会使用可以控制自己运动的机器人,或者携带武器的机器人。这里指的是机器人“自己的”运动。故填(O)Wn。3