热点03科学新知及自然世界（阅读理解之首字母填空题）（原题版）.docx

热点03科学新知及自然世界阅读理解之首字母填空题命题趋势中考英语首字母填空题命题主要考查学生根据特定的语境和所给提示的首字母写出正确的单词的能备考策略力,集理解、语言知识和单词拼写等要求于一体,要求学生在理解语言意义的基础上,关注语言形式。话题涉及人文历史、健康生活、社会生活等。首字母填空的语料是大多以叙事为主，旅行、吃饭、人际关系、个人经历等这类主题，贴近学生生活，易于理解。考查重点是名词、动词、形容词、副词和代词这几大词类。近十年上海中考首字母填空所选词，请见下表：上海近十年首字母填空所选词abroadearthhungryphotoscrt(s)agrasiyimpossiblephotographsAnotherelseincludedPhysicalseldomanythingnvironmentinformationpictureseriousboatEveryoneInsteadplanspecialbuyexpensiveinvitedP11()stepchangefamousjoypoorstillcheapfeelkitchenprefersubjectschildrenfewlivprovesuddenlycomfortablefirstluckyqutterriblecomplainedf0r9etmeaningrealizetopcompletelyfullmonyreasontripcyclinghardlymoverepairvanousdiedholidayneedr<suh(s)Visitingdrinkhonftoftenridinc工3生父级如artyhouseworkovrsafe重难诠释解题能力掌握首字母填空的解题方法，熟悉不同的文体特征，了解首字母填空的命题思路，以不变应万变语言能力熟悉考纲高频词和常见的短语搭配，扩大词汇量，巩固语法知识，提升综合运用词汇和语法的能力阅读能力做题的同时，增加阅读量和阅读速度，提高快速理解文本的能力文化素养通过阅读，进一步了解英美文化和历史，提升文化素养，开拓国际视野【应试技巧】Ol速读全文，定词性读全文:首字母答题的第一步，也是很多学生忽略的一步就是速读全文。了解文章基本大意和作者的写作意图，同时在阅读的过程中把每个空的词性判断出来，然后进入下一步。02寻找线索，定词义划重点首字母填空每题一定有解题线索！要不是你没找到，要不然是出卷入水平不行。很明显,前者概率更大。关注到表达逻辑关系的词汇，亳不夸张地说“得逻辑关系词者，得首字母的天下逻辑关系词的重要性不言而喻。转折逻辑：but,however,instead,举例逻辑：forexample,suchas,like,including.因果逻辑：because,sothat,so,asareasult,that'swhy,inorderto,to指代逻辑：this,that,these,it.03全文复查，定词形定词形,这步较为通俗易懂，即学生首次完成后，要再通读下文章，确认所填词的词形是否有误。典型的错误有如下几点：名词单复数；形容词副词的前后缀、比较级与最高级；动词时态、动名词，todo不定式等。重难通关练一、ReadthepassageandfillintheblankswithproperWOrdS（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给）：Storingdata（数据）hasbecomemoreconvenient.Thirtyyearsago,peoplehadtodependonfloppydisks（软磁盘）.N,allwehavetodoishittheuSave,'buttononourscreens.Thefileswillthenbestoredinthe“cloud."Itseemsthatwewillneverrunoutofspace.Isn,tthatgreat?Infact,however,thestoragespacewenowhaveisnotc2enough.Everyday,4.5billioninternetuserscreateaLARGEamountofdata.By2025,theamountofdataworldwidewillhaver3175zettabytes（1ZB=1012GB）.Clearly,wecan,tcovereverypieceoflandontheplanetwithdatacenters.Sowherecanwestoreallofthisdata?Fortunately,someresearchershavebeenworkingonnewstoragetechnologies.OneofthesetechnologiesisDNAstorage.DNAstoragesoundsfuturist,butinsomeways,it,sjusttheopposite.B4computerswereinvented,naturehadbeenusingDNAtostoreinformation.In2012,researchersatHarvardUniversitywroteabook,11picturesandacomputerprogramintohumanDNA.EachgramofDNAcanhold2.2petabytes（PB.ofinformation（1ZB=1,048,576PB.IfDNAiskeptintherightcondition,itcankeepthestoredinformations5foramillionyears.Therearestillp6withusingDNAfordatastorage.Forexample,ittakeslotsoftimetowriteintoandreadfromDNA.Scientistsaretryingtoi7thistechnology.Wewillhavetowaittoseehowtheireffortspayoffinthefuture.二、FininthebIankSWithProPerWordS（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。每空格限填一词，首字母已给）WhatisTechnology?Technologyistheapplication（应用）ofknowledgetoproduction.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,wecanenjoytheconvenienceoflife.Wehavebeenabletoincreasegreatlytheefficiencyofourworkbecauseofm8technology.FormostofusinAmerica,technologyisthoughtofasthereasonwhywecanhavecarsandtelevisionsets.However,technologyhasalsoincreasedtheamountoffooda9tousbymeansofgoodfarmingmachineryandanimalbreedingtechniques,andhasextendedourlifespan（寿命）.Soitraisesaquestion.Willhumanbeingscontinuetolivelongerandhaveahigherqualityoflife?Theanswerdependsontechnologyandourabilitytouseitw10Ifwekeepmakingprogressaswehaveoverthepastfiftyyears,theanswerisdefinitelyyes.TheimprovementintechnologydependsuponresearchanddIlandthelateststatistics（统计）showthattheUnitedStatesiscontinuingtospendbillionsofdollarseveryyearonsuche12Sowhilewearerunningoutofsomescarceresources,wemayfindtechnologicalsubstitutes（代用品）formanyofthemthroughourresearchprogrammes.Actually,whenweneednewskillsontechniquesinmedicine,peoplewillstartdevelopingnewtechnologytomeetthoseneeds.PeoplewillworktogethertodesignnewproductstoS13somedifficultproblems.Whenequipmentprovestobesloworinefficient,newmachineswillbei14inresponsetoit.三、ReadthepassageandfillintheblankswithproperWOrdS（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给）:MaryAnning:TheFossilHunterAsafossil（化石）scientist,MaryAnning（17001847）madegreatcontributions（ii）toherfieldin（he19thcentury.HernameisnowwidelyknowninBritainandevenEurope.Butthatwasnotalwaysthecase.Anningwasatalentedwoman.ShewasborninapoorfamilyinLymeRegis,Britain.Shedidnotreceiveanypropereducationandhadtoteachh15geology（地质学）andpaleontology（古生物学）.Anninggrewupbythesea.Atayoungage,sheshowedgreatinterestinstudyingthefossilsalongthecoastline.Anningworkedveryhard.Shewentoutinallweatherstosearchforfossils.Attheageof12,sheuncoveredaskeletonthatlkedlikeacrocodile.Then,aftertenyearsoftirelesse16shemadeanamazingdiscovery.Itwasahugefossilofsomethingthattheworldhadneverseenbefore.However,manyofAnning,sfindingsd17withthewidelyacceptedtheories（理论）atthattime.Somostofthescientistsdidn'tbelieveorrecognizethevalueofherfindings.What,smore,inthatperiod,peopleS18respectedwomen.Anning,sfindingswereevenpublishedwithouthername.Duringherlifetime,thewomanwasneverS19consideredtobeascientist.Butsuchtroublesdidn'tstopAnningfrommakingmorediscoveries.Thewomanwasstillkeenonstudyingv20sizesandtypesoffossilsalongsidethesea.Someofthemwereaslargeasahugerockwhileothersweresmallerthananegg.Until1829,shecarefullyuncoveredaskeletonofafossilfishwhichmadeherknownamongfirst-classscientists.Herdiscoverieshelpedtostudysomeextinct（已灭绝的）animals.TheyformedthebasisforCharlesDarvin,sOntheOriginofSpecies（物种起源）.Inrecentyears,moreandmorepeoplehavecometorealizetheimportanceofAnning,swork.SheisnowlistedamongthetoptenBritishwomenwhohavegreatlya21thehistoryofscience.Anningwasanambitiousandhard-workingwomaninhistory.Shedeservestoberemembered.四、ReadthepassageandfillintheblankswithproperWOrdS（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给）:Cellphoneshavebecomeoneofthemostusefuldevicesinthepasthalfcentury.Thefirstcellphonehadonlyoneuse-callingsomeone.Today'ssmart-phonesarereallyminicomputersthatallowuserstodomanythingsatonce.Peoplecansendt22andemails,listentomusic,takepicturesandvideos,andfindinformationonline.Cellphonesareperfectforlearninginschool.Forexample,studentscanfindinformationontheInternet,s23mathproblemsandsharenotes.Theycanusecalendarsandalarmsforremindersabouthomework,projects,andtests.Theycanevenshareideasonsocialmedia.Someschoolsdon'tallowcellphonesb24theythinkthephonescandistractstudentsfromtheirwork.Someteachersworrythatstudentswon,tpayattentionandwillneedtoberemindedtoputdowntheirphones.Theyalsoworrythatstudentswillspendlunchesandrecessplayinggamesorusingsocialmedia.Kidscouldmissoutonqualitytimespentwithfriends.Teachersandparentsalsoworryaboutstudentsusingphonestocheatontestsorbullyothers.Cheatingisunfairanddoesnothelpstudentsleam.Bullyingh25classmates.Studiesshowthatyoungerstudentsaremorelikelytobebullediftheyhavecellphones.However,researchershavefoundthatmostparentsandteacherswantstudentstohavephones.Itisimportantforparentsandchildrentobeabletokeepintouch.TeacherslikeusingphonesduringlessonsbecausestudentsaremoreinterestedandpayC26attention.ManyteachersfeelthatthebenefitsoutweightheproblemsifstudentsIeamtousethecellphonesC27.TeachersandparentscanteachkidstousecellphonesinasafewaythathelpsthemIeamnewthings.Inclass,phonesshouldbeS28andusedonlyforlessons.Studentsshouldalsotracktimespentontheirphonesandavoidusingthemtoomuch.Studentsshouldbeallowedtousecellphonesinschool.Settinggoodgroundrulescanimprovelearningforeveryone.五、ReadthePaSSageandfiniilthebhiIIkSWithProPerWOI*ds.（首字母填空，每空格限填一词，首字母已给）NewYorkCity,spolicedepartment（NYPD）hasdecidedtoreturnarobotdog.Thoughtherobotworkedwell,itupsetmanypeople.Somethoughtitwasticreepy（吓人的）”.Othersw29thatitwouldinvade（侵犯）theirprivacy.Spotisadog-shapedrobotbuiltbyatechcompany.Therobothasfourlegs,soevenonroughgrounditcanmovee30Insteadofahead,therobothasacamera.Italsohasamicrophoneandaspeaker,andpeoplecancontrolitfromadistance.InDecember,2020,theNYPDannounced（宣布）thatitwouldbeginusingaspecialversionofSpot.Theirrobotwaspaintedblue.Ithasaspecialcameratoallowitto"see"everythingonallsidesofit.Theycalledtheirversion“Digidog”.TherobotcosttheNYPDabout$94,000.Thatmayseemlikealotofmoney,butit,scheapforarobot.WhenitannouncedDigidog,theNYPDsaid,“Thisdogisgoingtosavelives,protectpeople,andprotectofficers,andthat,sourg31”Theysoonfoundoutthatnoteveryonewasexcitedabouttherobotastheywere.AftertherobotwasbroughttoanemergencycallinFebruary,avideoofitwassharedw32andupsetalotofpeople.Manypeoplewereconcernedthatthepolicewereusinganelectronicdogforspying（暗中监视）.Othersfeltlikeitwaswrongforthepolicetospendmoneyonmachines.TheyshouldfocusonP33.Formanypeople,theconcernwasn'tjustaboutthisrobotdog,butaboutwhatfuturepolicerobotsmightlooklike.Forexample,theyfearedthatthepolicemightusearobotthatcouldcontrolitso34movements,oronethatcarriedweapons.Whenthedogwasuseda35inlateApril,2021,anothervideowassharedontheInternet.Manypeoplewerestillupset.Asaresultofthestrongpublicreaction,theNYPDdecidedtogetridofDigidog,andtoreturnhimtothetechcompany.培优争分练一、Fillintheblankswithproperwords（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。每空格限填一词，首字母已给。）Homesweethome一thisphrasebringsbackgoodmemoriesandfeelings.Theplaceyoucallhomemightbeahouse,aflat,atentorotherplaces.HIdidyouknowthattheconditionofyourlivingspacecanhaveaneffectonyouremotions（情感）andevenonyourmentalhealth?Byorganizingyourlivingspace,youcanhelptoachieveamorepeacefullife.AddlightItgoeswithoutsayingthatthelightinginyourroomorinyourhousecana2yourmood.Ifthelightingistoodim（昏暗的）,yourmoodmayendupmatchingthedarkatmosphere.Artificial（人工的）lightmaynotdothetrick,though.Itisbettertoopenyourcurtainsbecausen3sunlightmakesyourwholedaybrighter.GogreenTomakesureyouhavegoodmentalhealth,surroundyourselfwithgreenplants.Alargenumberofstudieshaveshownthatthepresenceofgreenplantsinyourhomecani4mood.Choosecolors5Thecolorofyourenvironmenthasanactiveinfluenceonyourmood.Choosingcolorsthatcreateacalmatmosphere（氛围）canbeatypeoftreatment.Cleanitup1.et'salladmitit;Wehavetroublekeepingourspaceclean.Butitdoesn'tjustlookterrible;itmakesyoufeelterrible.Anuntidyrmbothshowsstressandcausesstress.Disordercanshowthatyou'retoobusytokeepthingstidy,butthenlookingatam6canleadtomorestress.Cleaningupdoesn'thavetotakeallday-justtake10or15minutesandputafewthingsaway.Youwillbesurprisedhowmuchbetteryou'llfeel.Thereisno17towaysyoucanmakeyourenvironmentgoodforyourmentalhealth.Youcanputupphotosofyourfamilyandfriendsorpostencouragingnotesfrompeoplethatshowhowmuchtheyloveyou.Justremember:Yoursurroundingscanmake“homesweethomeMmuchsweeter.二、FiHintheblailkSWithPn）PerwordS（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。每空格限填一词，首字母已给。）TheCostofTravelingtoAntarctica“WhydoyouwanttotraveltoAntarctica?Isn'titverycoldandveryfaraway?”IwasaskedthesesamequestionsoverandoveragainwhenItoldmyfriendsaboutmyplantotraveltothesouthernmostcontinent.Tdbehonest,I,18manyothertravelers,justwantedtocrossthispure-whitewonderlandoffmybucketlist（人生愿望清单）.Thetrip,however,turnedouttobeagreatlessonabouttheAntarcticenvironment.Onmywayback,Icouldn'thelpaskingmyself,“HowhaveIaffectedtheAntarcticenvironment?ShouldIhaveeventraveledtothecontinent?Anytypeoftravelcomeswithanenvironmentalcost.Myguidetoldmethatofallmeansoftransport,shipshadsomeofthelargestcarbonfootprints.Thatmeanstheyproducelotsofgreenhousegases.Inaddition,thenoiseofshipsP9throughtheoceancancauseseriousharmtosealife.Whenwetravelfromoneplacetoanother,Wespreadseedsa10bacteria（细菌）throughourclothing,bodiesandluggage.ForAntarctica,thesenon-nativeseedsandbacteriacanbeverydamaging.Tburoperatorstrytopreventthisproblembyprovidingtravelerswithspecialboots.Travelersmustwearthemwhenevertheyleavetheirships.Theirouterwearmustalsobecleanedb11itcanbewornforlanding.However,whentheygethotwhilehiking,travelersmaytakeofftheirouterwearandtheclothestheywearunderneatharenotusuallyrequiredtobecleaned.TheincreaseintourisminAntarcticamayalsobringaboutsomeunknownrisks.Forexample,sincethereisnonativehumanpopulationinAntarctica,the112animalsarenotusedtosharingtheirhomeswithus.Wemaynotbeableton13anyproblemsnow,butwhenwebegintoseechanges,itmayalreadybetoolate.Itwastrulywonderfultoseetheb14ofAntarcticawithmyowneyes.However,mytripdidhantheAntarcticenvironmentandwildlife.Beforeyoudecidetolandonthecontinent,pleasethinktwiceaboutthetrue"cost"ofyourtrip.三、ReadthepassageandfillintheblankswithPn）PerWordS（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给）AppstoexciteyourinnerartistStayingathomewithoutteachersandclassmates,youprobablywillplaywithyoursmartphonetogetthroughthelongdays.Buthowcanyouunlockyourphone'sfullpotential?Startdownloadingsomeinterestingandcreativeappsthatwillhelpyouk15timeandboredom.Wehavechosenthreeforyou.Trythemoutandhavefun.EasyVoiceChangerWhenyouwatchsci-fimovies,youmayhavenoticedthatpeoplecanchangetheirvoicesinphonecallsandrecordings.Doyouwanttohavethismagicala16?Well,EasyVoiceChangerwillmakeyourwishcometrue.It,squiteeasytouse.Userssimplyrecordtheirvoicesintheapp.Then,itcanchangetosoundlikedifferentvoices.Thesei17voicesofanalien,arobot,amonster,akid,abee,aghostandmanymore.Ifyouwanttohavefunwithyourfriends,whynotsendthemafreakyphonerecording?Meme（表情包）GeneratorFreememeWearethememegeneration.Youngpeoplearenotwillingtosendtext.Theypreferusingmemestomakeapointi18Butdoyouwantmemespecialmemes?Makeyourown,withMemeGeneratorFree!Theapphasmorethan1,000high-qualitymemetemplates（模板）touse.Youcanchoosephotoorsnap（拍照）onetoinsertontothetemplate.Yourfriendswillappreciateyourimaginationandthankyouforgivingthemar19tolaugh.Psychedelic（迷幻的）CameraAreyoutiredoffollowingrules?Doyoujustwanttomakesomethinga20?YoudefinitelyneedtocheckoutPsychedelicCamera.Theappletsyouchoosepicturesfromyourphotogalleryandaddfillers（滤镜）loit.ttYoucansimplypowerupthecameraandviewyoursurroundingsinchaotic（混舌L）colorsandpatterns-it,sdelightful.Sothatitishardforanyonetor21youanymore?'saidAnmolSachdevaonUStechnologywebsiteBeebom.四、Fillintheblankswithproperwords（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。每空格限填一词，首字母已给。）Weknowanimalshaveemotions.Theycanfeelfear.Wealsothinktheyfeellove,sincetheyhavestrongrelationshipswitheachother.SoareanimalemotionsS22toourown?Anddoanimalshaveasenseofhumor?AParrot'sJokeSally,sparrotBongodidn'tgetalongwithhera23parrot,Paco.Infact,Bongoclearlydidn'tlikePacoatall!Oneday,Sallycookedachickenfordinner.Shestartedtocutthechickenwithaknife.“Oh,no!Paco!,Bongosaidloudlyandlaughed.Sallylaughed,too,andsaid,44ThatchickenisnotPaco.”“Ohno,"saidBongo.Thistime,shesoundedd24Thentheparrotlaughedatherownjoke.YogaDogJeanenjoysyogaandsodoesherdogBuffy.W25Jeandoesyoga,BuffycarefullyplaceshertoysonJcan,sbody.Ifatoyfalls,Buffynstoputitb26Docsthisbehaviorhaveanyrealpurpose?uShcthinksit,sfunny!saysJean.AnimalLaUghterCandogs“laugh"？Recentresearchshowsthatdogscantelleachotherwhentheywanttoplay.Theymakeaspecialsoundakindof“laugh."Psychologist（心理学家）Patriciarecordedthesound.Thensheplayedittodogsands27theirbehavior.44AllthedogsseemedtoliketheIaU