钓鱼岛是我国的固有领土白皮书(英文版,全文).docx

FullText:DiaoyuDaozanInherentTerritoryofChinaBEIJING,Sept.25(Xinhua)-TheStateCouncilInformationOffiCeofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonTuesdaypublishedawhitepaperonDiaoyuDaozaninherentterritoryofChina.Followingisthefulltextofthewhitepaper:DiaoyuDaozanInherentTerritoryofChina(September2012)StateCouncilInformation。仟iceThePeople'sRepublicofChinaContentsForewordI.DiaoyuDaoisChina'sInherentTerritoryII.JapanGrabbedDiaoyuDaofromChinaIII.BackroomDealsBetweentheUnitedStatesandJapanConcerningDiaoyuDaoareIllegalandInvalidIV. Japan'sClaimofSovereigntyoverDiaoyuDaoisTotallyUnfoundedV. ChinahasTakenResoluteMeasurestoSafeguarditsSovereigntyoverDiaoyuDaoConclusionForewordDiaoyuDaoanditsaffiliatedislandsareaninseparablepartoftheChineseterritory.DiaoyuDaoisChina'sinherentterritoryinallhistoricalgeographicalandlegalterms,andChinaenjoysindisputablesovereigntyoverDiaoyuDao.Japan'soccupationofDiaoyuDaoduringtheSino-JapaneseWarin1895isillegalandinvalid.AfterWorldWar11,DiaoyuDaowasreturnedtoChinainaccordancewithsuchinternationallegaldocumentsastheCairoDeclarationandthePotsdamProclamation.NomatterwhatunilateralstepJapantakesoverDiaoyuDaozitwillnotchangethefactthatDiaoyuDaobelongstoChina.Forquitesometime,JapanhasrepeatedlystirreduptroublesontheissueofDiaoyuDao.OnSeptember10z2012ztheJapanesegovernmentannouncedthe"purchase"ofDiaoyuDaoanditsaffiliatedNanxiaoDaoandBeixiaoDaoandtheimplementationoftheso-called"nationalization".ThisisamovethatgrosslyviolatesChina'sterritorialsovereigntyandseriouslytramplesonhistoricalfactsandinternationaljurisprudence.ChinaisfirmlyopposedtoJapan'sviolationofChina'ssovereigntyoverDiaoyuDaoinwhateverformandhastakenresolutemeasurestocurbanysuchact.China'spositionontheissueofDiaoyuDaoisclear-cutandconsistent.China'swilltodefendnationalsovereigntyandterritorialintegrityisfirmanditsresolvetoupholdtheoutcomesoftheWorldAnti-FascistWarwillnotbeshakenbyanyforce.I.DiaoyuDaoisChina'sInherentTerritoryDiaoyuDaoanditsaffiliatedislands,whichconsistofDiaoyuDaozHuangweiYuzChiweiYu,NanxiaoDao,BeixiaoDaozNanYuzBeiYuzFeiYuandotherislandsandreefs,arelocatedtothenortheastofChina'sTaiwanIsland,inthewatersbetween123o20'-124o40'E(EastLongitude)and25o40,-26o00,N(NorthLatitude),andareaffiliatedtotheTaiwanIsland.Thetotallandmassoftheseislandsisapproximately5.69squarekilometers.DiaoyuDao,situatedinthewesterntipofthearea,coversalandmassofabout3.91squarekilometersandisthelargestislandinthearea.Thehighestpeakontheislandstands362metersabovethesealevel.HuangweiYuzwhichislocatedabout27kilometerstothenortheastofDiaoyuDao,isthesecondlargestislandintheareazwithatotallandmassofabout0.91squarekilometersandahighestelevationof117meters.ChiweiYuzsituatedabout110kilometerstothenortheastofDiaoyuDaozistheeasternmostislandinthearea.Itcoversalandmassofapproximately0.065squarekilometersandstands75metersabovethesealevelatitspeak.1. DiaoyuDaowasfirstdiscovered,namedandexploitedbyChinaAncientancestorsinChinafirstdiscoveredandnamedDiaoyuDaothroughtheirproductionandfisheryactivitiesonthesea.InChina'shistoricalliteratures,DiaoyuDaoisalsocalledDiaoyuYuorDiaoyuTai.TheearliesthistoricalrecordofthenamesofDiaoyuDao,ChiweiYuandotherplacescanbefoundinthebookVoyagewithaTailWind(ShunFengXiangSong)publishedin1403(thefirstyearofthereignofEmperorYongleoftheMingDynasty).ItshowsthatChinahadalreadydiscoveredandnamedDiaoyuDaobythe14thand15thcenturies.PIn1372(thefifthyearofthereignofEmperorHongwuoftheMingDynasty),theKingofRyukyustartedpayingtributetotheimperialcourtoftheMingDynasty.Inreturn,EmperorHongwu(thefirstemperoroftheMingDynasty)sentimperialenvoystoRyukyu.Inthefollowingfivecenturiesuntil1866(thefifthyearofthereignofEmperorTongzhioftheQingDynasty),theimperialcourtsoftheMingandQingDynastiessentimperialenvoystoRyukyu24timestoconfertitlesontheRyukyuKing,andDiaoyuDaowasexactlylocatedontheirroutetoRyukyu.AmplevolumeofrecordsaboutDiaoyuDaocouldbefoundinthereportswrittenbyChineseimperialenvoysatthetime.Forexample,theRecordsoftheImperialTitle-conferringEnvoystoRyukyu(ShiLiuQiuLu)writtenin1534byChenKanzanimperialtitle-conferringenvoyfromtheMingcourt,clearlystatedthat"theshiphaspassedDiaoyuDaozHuangmaoYuzChiYu.ThenGumiMountaincomesintosight,thatiswherethelandofRyukyubegins."TheShiLiuQiuLuofanotherimperialenvoyoftheMingDynastyzGuoRulin,in1562alsostatedthat"ChiYuisthemountainthatmarkstheboundaryofRyukyu".In1719zXuBaoguangzadeputytitle-conferringenvoytoRyukyuintheQingDynasty,clearlyrecordedinhisbookRecordsofMessagesfromChong-shan(ZhongShanChuanXinLu)thatthevoyagefromFujiantoRyukyupassedHuapingYu,PengjiaYuzDiaoyuDao,HuangweiYu,ChiweiYuandreachedNaba(Naha)portofRyukyuviaGumiMountain(themountainguardingthesouthwestborderofRyukyu)andMachiIsland.In1650,theAnnalsofChong-shan(ZhongShanShiJian)zthefirstofficialhistoricalrecordoftheRyukyuKingdomdraftedunderthesupervisionofRyukyu'sprimeministerXiangXiangxian(Kozoken)xconfirmedthatGumiMountain(alsocalledGumiMountain,knownasKumeIslandtoday)ispartofRyukyu'sterritory,whileChiYu(knownasChiweiYutoday)andtheareastoitswestarenotRyukyu'sterritory.In1708zChengShunze(TeiJunsoku),anotedscholarandtheGrandMasterwiththePurple-GoldenRibbon(ZiJinDaFU)ofRyukyu,recordedinhisbookAGeneralGuide(ZhiNanGuangYi)that"GumiMountainisthemountainguardingthesouthwestborderofRyukyu',.ThesehistoricalaccountsclearlydemonstratethatDiaoyuDaoandChiweiYubelongtoChinaandKumeIslandbelongstoRyukyuzandthattheseparatinglineliesinHeiShuiGou(today'sOkinawaTrough)betweenChiweiYuandKumeIsland.In1579zXieJiezadeputyimperialtitle-conferringenvoyoftheMingDynasty,recordedinhisbook,AddendumtoSummarizedRecordofRyukyu(LiuQiuLuCuoYaoBuYi)thatheenteredRyukyufromCangShuitoHeiShui7andreturnedtoChinafromHeiShuitoCangShui.XiaZiyangzanotherimperialenvoyoftheMingcourt,wrotein1606that"whenthewaterflowsfromHeiShuibacktoCangShuizitenterstheChineseterritory."MiscellaneousRecordsofaMissiontoRyukyu(ShiLiuQiuZaLu),abookwrittenin1683byWangJi,animperialenvoyoftheQingDynasty,statedthat"HeiShuiGou",situatedoutsideChiYuzisthe"boundarybetweenChinaandforeignland".In1756,ZhouHuangzadeputyimperialenvoyoftheQingDynastyzrecordedinhisbook,theAnnalsofRyukyu(LiuQiuGuoZhiLue)zthatRyukyu"isseparatedfromthewatersofFujianbyHeiShuiGoutothewest".ThewaterssurroundingDiaoyuDaoaretraditionallyChinesefishingground.Chinesefishermenhavezforgenerations,engagedinfisheryactivitiesinthesewaters.Inthepast,DiaoyuDaowasusedasanavigationmarkerbytheChinesepeoplelivingonthesoutheastcoast.2. DiaoyuDaohadlongbeenunderChina'sjurisdictionIntheearlyyearsoftheMingDynasty,ChinaplacedDiaoyuDaounderitscoastaldefensetoguardagainsttheinvasionofJapanesepiratesalongitssoutheastcoast.In1561(the40thyearofthereignofEmperorJiajingoftheMingDynasty),AnIllustratedCompendiumonMaritimeSecurity(ChouHaiTuBian)compiledbyZhengRuozengundertheauspicesofHuZongxianzthesupremeCommanderofthesoutheastcoastaldefenseoftheMingcourt,includedtheDiaoyuDaoIslandsonthe"MapofCoastalMountainsandSands"(YanHaiShanShaTu)andincorporatedthemintothejurisdictionofthecoastaldefenseoftheMingcourt.TheCompleteMapofUnifiedMaritimeTerritoryforCoastalDefense(QianKunYiTongHaiFangQuanTu),drawnupbyXuBidaandothersin1605(the33rdyearofthereignofEmperorWanlioftheMingDynasty)andtheTreatiseonMilitaryPreparations.CoastalDefenseII.MapofFujian'sCoastalMountainsandSands(WuBeiZhi.HaiFangEr.FuJianYanHaiShanShaTu),drawnupbyMaoYuanyiin1621(thefirstyearofthereignofEmperorTianqioftheMingDynasty),alsoincludedtheDiaoyuDaoIslandsaspartofChina'smaritimeterritory.TheQingcourtnotonlyincorporatedtheDiaoyuDaoIslandsintothescopeofChina'scoastaldefenseastheMingcourtdid,butalsoclearlyplacedtheislandsunderthejurisdictionofthelocalgovernmentofTaiwan.OfficialdocumentsoftheQingcourt,suchasATourofDutyintheTaiwanStrait(TaiHaiShiChaLu)andAnnalsofTaiwanPrefecture(TaiWanFuZhi)allgavedetailedaccountsconcerningChina'sadministrationoverDiaoyuDao.Volume86ofRecompiledGeneralAnnalsofFujian(ChongZuanFuJianTongZhi),abookcompiledbyChenShouqiandothersin1871(thetenthyearofthereignOfEmperorTongzhioftheQingDynasty),includedDiaoyuDaoasastrategiclocationforcoastaldefenseandplacedtheislandsunderthejurisdictionofGamalan,Taiwan(knownasYilanCountytoday).3. ChineseandforeignmapsshowthatDiaoyuDaobelongstoChinaTheRoadmaptoRyukyu(LiuQiuGuoHaiTu)intheShiLiuQiuLuwrittenbyimperialtitle-conferringenvoyXiaoChongyein1579(theseventhyearofthereignofEmperorWanlioftheMingDynasty),theRecordoftheInterpretersofAugustMing(HuangMingXiangXuLu)writtenbyMaoRuizhengin1629(thesecondyearofthereignofEmperorChongzhenoftheMingDynasty),theGreatUniversalGeographicMap(KunYuQuanTu)createdin1767(the32ndyearofthereignofEmperorQianlongoftheQingDynasty),andtheAtlasoftheGreatQingDynasty(HuangChaoZhongWaiYiTongYuTu)publishedin1863(thesecondyearofthereignofEmperorTongzhioftheQingDynasty)allmarkedDiaoyuDaoasChina'sterritory.ThebookIllustratedOutlineoftheThreeCountrieswrittenbyHayashiShiheiin1785wastheearliestJapaneseliteraturetomentionDiaoyuDao.TheMapoftheThreeProvincesand36IslandsofRyukyuinthebookputDiaoyuDaoasbeingapartfromthe36islandsofRyukyuandcoloreditthesameasthemainlandofChinazindicatingthatDiaoyuDaowaspartofChina'sterritory.TheMapofEastChinaSeaLittoralStatescreatedbytheFrenchcartographerPierreLapieandothersin1809coloredDiaoyuDaozHuangweiYu,ChiweiYuandtheTaiwanIslandasthesame.MapssuchasANewMapofChinafromtheLatestAuthoritiespublishedinBritainin1811zColton'sChinapublishedintheUnitedStatesin1859,andAMapofChina'sEastCoast:HongkongtoGulfofLiao-TungcompiledbytheBritishNavyin1877allmarkedDiaoyuDaoaspartofChina'sterritory.II.JapanGrabbedDiaoyuDaofromChinaJapanaccelerateditsinvasionandexternalexpansionaftertheMeijiRestoration.JapanseizedRyukyuin1879andchangeditsnametoOkinawaPrefecture.Soonafterthat,JapanbegantoactcovertlytoinvadeandoccupyDiaoyuDaoandsecretly"included"DiaoyuDaoinitsterritoryattheendoftheSino-JapaneseWarof1894-1895.JapanthenforcedChinatosigntheunequalTreatyofShimonosekiandcedetoJapantheislandofFormosa(Taiwan),togetherwithDiaoyuDaoandallotherislandsappertainingorbelongingtothesaidislandofFormosa.1. Japan'scovertmovestoseizeDiaoyuDaoIn1884zaJapanesemanclaimedthathefirstlandedonDiaoyuDaoandfoundtheislandtobeuninhabited.TheJapanesegovernmentthendispatchedsecretfacts-findingmissionstoDiaoyuDaoandattemptedtoinvadeandoccupytheisland.Theabove-mentionedplotsbyJapantriggeredChina'salert.OnSeptember6,1885(the28thdayofthe7thmonthintheIlthyearofthereignofEmperorGuangxuoftheQingDynasty),theChinesenewspaperShen-pao(ShanghaiNews)reported:"Recently,JapaneseflagshavebeenseenontheislandsnortheasttoTaiwan,revealingJapan'sintentiontooccupytheseislands."ButtheJapanesegovernmentdidnotdaretotakeanyfurtheractionforfearofreactionfromChina.Afterthesecretfacts-findingmissionstoDiaoyuDaozthegovernorofOkinawaPrefecturesentareportinsecrecytotheMinisterofInternalAffairsYamagataAritomoonSeptember22,1885zsayingthattheseuninhabitedislandswere,infactzthesameDiaoyuTaizHuangweiYuandChiweYuthatwererecordedintheRecordsofMessagesfromChong-shan(ZhongShanChuanXinLu)andknownwelltoimperialtitle-conferringenvoysoftheQingcourtontheirvoyagestoRyukyu,andthathehaddoubtsastowhetherornotsovereigntymarkersshouldbesetupandthereforeaskedforinstruction.TheMinisterofInternalAffairsYamagataAritomosolicitedopinionfromtheForeignMinisterInoueKaoruonOctober9.InoueKaorurepliedinalettertoYamagataAritomoonOctober21,"Atpresent,anyopenmovessuchasplacingsovereigntymarkersareboundtoalerttheQingimperialcourt.Therefore,itisadvisablenottogobeyondfieldsurveysanddetailedreportsontheshapesofthebays,landandotherresourcesforfuturedevelopment.Inthemeantime,wewillwaitforabettertimetoengageinsuchactivitiesasputtingupsovereigntymarkersandembarkingondevelopmentontheislands."InoueKaorualsomadeaspecialemphasisthat"itisinappropriatetopublicizethemissionsonofficialgazetteornewspapers."Asaresult,theJapanesegovernmentdidnotapproveoftherequestofOkinawaPrefecturetosetupsovereigntymarkers.ThegovernorofOkinawaPrefecturesubmittedthematterforapprovaltotheMinisterofInternalAffairsonceagainonJanuary13,1890zsayingthatDiaoyuDaoandother"above-mentioneduninhabitedislandshaveremainedundernospecificjurisdiction",andthathe"intendstoplacethemunderthejurisdictionoftheOfficeofYaeyamaIslands."OnNovember2,1893zthegovernorofOkinawaPrefectureappliedonceagainforsettingupsovereigntymarkerstoincorporatetheislandsintoJapan'sterritory.TheJapanesegovernmentdidnotrespond.OnMay12,1894,twomonthsbeforetheSino-JapaneseWar,thesecretfacts-findingmissionstoDiaoyuDaobyOkinawaPrefecturecametoafinalconclusion,"Eversincetheprefecturepolicesurveyedtheislandin1885(the18thyearoftheMeijiperiod),therehavebeennosubsequentinvestigations.Asaresult,itisdifficulttoprovideanyspecificreportsonit.Inaddition,thereexistnooldrecordsrelatedtothesaidislandorfolkloreandlegendsdemonstratingthattheislandbelongstoourcountry."Japan'sattemptstooccupyDiaoyuDaowereclearlyrecordedinJapanDiplomaticDocumentscompiledbytheJapaneseForeignMinistry.RelevantdocumentsevidentlyshowthattheJapanesegovernmentintendedtooccupyDiaoyuDao,butrefrainedfromactingimpetuouslyasitwasfullyawareofChina'ssovereigntyovertheseislands.JapanwagedtheSino-JapaneseWarinJuly1894.TowardstheendofNovember1894,JapaneseforcesseizedtheChineseportofLushun(thenknownasPortArthur),virtuallysecuringdefeatoftheQingcourt.AgainstsuchbackdropztheJapaneseMinisterofInternalAffairsYasushiNomurawrotetoForeignMinisterMutsuMunemitsuonDecember27thatthe"circumstanceshavenowchanged",andcalledforadecisionbythecabinetontheissueofsettingupsovereigntymarkersinDiaoyuDaoandincorporatingtheislandintoJapan'sterritory.MutsuMunemitsuexpressedhisSupportfortheproposalinhisreplytoYasushiNomuraonJanuary11,1895.TheJapanesecabinetsecretlypassedaresolutiononJanuary14to"place"DiaoyuDaounderthejurisdictionOfOkinawaPrefecture.Japan'sofficialdocumentsshowthatfromthetimeofthefacts-findingmissionstoDiaoyuDaoin1885totheoccupationoftheislandsin1895zJapanhadconsistentlyactedinsecrecywithoutmakingitsmovespublic.ThisfurtherprovesthatJapan'sclaimofsovereigntyoverDiaoyuDaodoesnothavelegaleffectunderinternationallaw.2. DiaoyuDaowascededtoJapantogetherwiththeTaiwanIslandOnApril17,1895,theQingcourtwasdefeatedintheSino-JapaneseWarandforcedtosigntheunequalTreatyofShimonosekiandcedetoJapan"theislandofFormosa(Taiwan),togetherwithallislandsappertainingorbelongingtothesaidislandofFormosa".TheDiaoyuDaoIslandswerecededtoJapanas"islandsappertainingorbelongingtothesaidislandofFormosa".In1900zJapanchangedthenameofDiaoyuDaoto"SenkakuIslands".III. BackroomDealsBetweentheUnitedStatesandJapanConcerningDiaoyuDaoareIllegalandInvalidDiaoyuDaowasreturnedtoChinaaftertheSecondWorldWar.However,theUnitedStatesarbitrarilyincludedDiaoyuDaounderitstrusteeshipinthe1950sand"returned"the"powerofadministration"overDiaoyuDaotoJapaninthe1970s.ThebackroomdealsbetweentheUnitedStatesandJapanconcerningDiaoyuDaoareactsofgraveviolationofChina'sterritorialsovereignty.Theyareillegalandinvalid.TheyhavenotandcannotchangethefactthatDiaoyuDaobelongstoChina.1. DiaoyuDaowasreturnedtoChinaaftertheSecondWorldWarInDecember1941,theChinesegovernmentofficiallydeclaredwaragainstJapantogetherwiththeabrogat